BMJ  2005;330:293 (5 February), doi:10.1136/bmj.38338.674583.AE (published 21 January 2005)

Primary care

Does home based medication review keep older people out of hospital? The HOMER randomised controlled trial

¹ School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, ² Academic Pharmacy Practice Unit, University of East Anglia, ³ Great Yarmouth Teaching Primary Care Trust, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk NR14 8AB, ⁴ Suffolk Public Health Network, Ipswich IP3 8LS

Abstract

Objective To determine whether home based medication review by pharmacists affects hospital readmission rates among older people.

Design Randomised controlled trial.

Setting Home based medication review after discharge from acute or community hospitals in Norfolk and Suffolk.

Participants 872 patients aged over 80 recruited during an emergency admission (any cause) if returning to own home or warden controlled accommodation and taking two or more drugs daily on discharge.

Intervention Two home visits by a pharmacist within two weeks and eight weeks of discharge to educate patients and carers about their drugs, remove out of date drugs, inform general practitioners of drug reactions or interactions, and inform the local pharmacist if a compliance aid is needed. Control arm received usual care.

Main outcome measure Total emergency readmissions to hospital at six months. Secondary outcomes included death and quality of life measured with the EQ-5D.

Results By six months 178 readmissions had occurred in the control group and 234 in the intervention group (rate ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.58; P = 0.009, Poisson model). 49 deaths occurred in the intervention group compared with 63 in the control group (hazard ratio = 0.75, 0.52 to 1.10; P = 0.14). EQ-5D scores decreased (worsened) by a mean of 0.14 in the control group and 0.13 in the intervention group (difference = 0.01, -0.05 to 0.06; P = 0.84, t test).

Conclusions The intervention was associated with a significantly higher rate of hospital admissions and did not significantly improve quality of life or reduce deaths. Further research is needed to explain this counterintuitive finding and to identify more effective methods of medication review.

Introduction

Adverse drug reactions, recently shown to cause more than 5% of hospital admissions, are significantly more likely in older patients.¹ Various factors contribute, including polypharmacy, age related physiological changes, and problems with adhering to drug regimens.

The national service framework for older people and the NHS plan recommend regular medication reviews for older patients.^{2 3} An Australian study of a home based medication review-type intervention showed a 25% reduction in admissions and a reduction in deaths outside hospital.⁴ We sought to investigate the impact on hospital admissions in the United Kingdom. We chose home visits to ensure that the intervention could reach all very elderly participants and to allow pharmacists to gain insight into patients' methods of managing their drugs. The trial involved a large number of pharmacists delivering the intervention to ensure its generalisability.

Methods

Recruitment and assignment
Researchers recruited patients from 10 different hospitals if they were aged 80 or over, admitted as an emergency, intended to be discharged to their own home or warden controlled accommodation, and prescribed two or more drugs on discharge. We randomised patients to receive home based medication review or usual care. Randomisation was stratified by abbreviated mental test score and whether the patient was living alone.

Pharmacists could participate if they held a postgraduate qualification in pharmacy practice or had recent continuing professional development in therapeutics. All pharmacists participated in a two day training course.

The intervention
A review pharmacist received a copy of the patient's discharge letter. At the home visit the pharmacist assessed patients' ability to self medicate and their drug adherence, completed a standardised visit form, educated the patient and carer, removed out of date drugs, reported possible drug reactions or interactions to the general practitioner, and reported the need for a compliance aid to the local pharmacist. One follow up visit occurred at six to eight weeks after recruitment to reinforce the original advice.

Masking and the control group
Participants were told after randomisation which group they were in. The control group received "usual care." A small number of patients in both groups may have had their medication reviewed during the follow up period by their general practitioner or community pharmacist.

Outcome data and analysis
The primary outcome was total number of emergency admissions to hospital over six months. Secondary outcomes included deaths, admissions to residential homes and nursing homes, and self assessed quality of life measured using the EQ-5D.⁵

We collected data on emergency admissions from hospital episode statistics. The Office for National Statistics provided mortality data. The project coordinator contacted all patients by telephone at three months and six months to collect data on admissions to nursing homes and residential homes and to maximise the response to mailed quality of life questionnaires. In addition, we collected data from practices containing more than 10 trial patients on contact with the general practitioners and items prescribed over the six month follow up.

We used Poisson regression to compare the number of admissions between groups and survival analysis to compare mortality between the two groups. In both analyses, we adjusted for the two stratification variables (living alone and confusion). We analysed the proportions admitted to nursing homes or residential homes by using the ² test and changes in quality of life by using the two sample t test. We compared home visits by general practitioners and attendance at general practices by using Poisson regression, entering practice as a random effect.

Sample size calculation
A previous randomised controlled trial suggested that readmissions could be reduced by 25% in six months.⁴ We aimed to show a reduction of 20%. Sample size calculations indicated that we needed to recruit 850 patients to have 90% power to show this reduction at the 5% significance level.

Results

Participant flow and follow up—We invited 1399 patients to participate after screening for eligibility between October 2000 and December 2002; 872 (62%) patients agreed and were randomised. After exclusions, primary outcome data were available for 829 (97%) patients. The two groups were very similar at baseline (see bmj.com).

Review pharmacists and intervention visits—We recruited 22 review pharmacists. Of 429 patients in the intervention group, 362 received first visits and 297 received second visits. Visits generated a total of 933 recommendations or comments to general practitioners (2.58/visited patient); 120 of these referred to possible drug reactions or interactions in 81 patients (22% of visited patients).

Compliance aids and pharmacists' view of intervention—Review pharmacists recommended compliance aids in 39 patients (11% of those receiving first visits). Overall, pharmacists felt visits were definitely or probably useful for 216 (73%) patients, and unlikely to be useful or not at all useful for 81 (27%) patients, generally when patients were found to be coping very well.

Number of hospital readmissions—A total of 178 emergency readmissions occurred in the control group and 234 in the intervention group (table). The Poisson model indicated a 30% greater rate of readmission in the intervention group (rate ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.58; P = 0.009).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Number of emergency hospital readmissions by group during six months of follow up

 

Secondary outcomes—Mortality data were available for 829 (97%) patients. Fewer deaths occurred in the intervention group (49 v 63). The hazard ratio for the intervention group compared with the control group was 0.75 (0.52 to 1.10; P = 0.14). Data on residential or nursing home admissions were available on fewer patients, as these were collected by telephone (585, 68%). Fewer control patients than intervention patients were admitted to residential or nursing homes. These differences were not statistically significant (see bmj.com).

Quality of life data—Change in utility scores could be calculated for 308/380 (81%) surviving intervention patients and 284/362 (78%) surviving control patients. Both groups' scores decreased over the six month follow up period, but the changes were not significantly different between the groups. Scores on the visual analogue health scale (a separate part of the EQ-5D) also fell; the difference of 4.1 (95% confidence interval 0.15 to 8.09) units in favour of the control group was statistically significant (P = 0.042).

Primary care data—We included 165 patients from 12 practices in this analysis (84 intervention, 81 control). General practitioners carried out 204 home visits in the intervention group and 125 in the control group, a difference of 43% (rate ratio = 1.43, 1.14 to 1.80; P = 0.002). No statistically significant differences occurred between the groups in attendance at general practices or prescription items received.

Discussion

Home based medication review by a pharmacist did not reduce emergency hospital admissions. Indeed, the intervention seemed to increase admissions by 30% and home visits by general practitioners by 43%. This finding was not balanced by improvements in quality of life. Although the overall EQ-5D utility score decreased in both groups, with no between group difference, scores on the visual analogue health scale decreased less in the control group than in the intervention group. In terms of numbers of deaths, results were not statistically significant but favoured the intervention group, with a hazard ratio of 0.75 but a wide confidence interval (0.52 to 1.10).

Validity of the trial
This trial was large, involving more than 850 patients. The entry criteria ensured a broad sample of elderly people discharged from hospital, which, together with the relatively high participation rate and the large number of pharmacists involved, means that the generalisability of these results should be high. Follow up of the main outcome was good—only 3% of participants withdrew or were lost to follow up. Hospital admission data, obtained from hospital episode statistics, are unlikely to have introduced bias. Quality of life data were provided by almost 80% of patients. Slightly more intervention patients than controls provided these at six months (81% v 78%), which could have introduced a bias. At three months, however, when response was almost equal, no between group differences were apparent. Overall, the internal validity of this study seems high, although it should be noted that follow up was only for six months. However, we can envisage no theoretical grounds for a delayed benefit emerging long after the intervention had ceased.

What is already known on this topic Adverse drug reactions are an important cause of admission to hospital in elderly people Patients have problems adhering to complex drug regimens Medication review is recommended as a technique to reduce these problems What this study adds Home based medication review by pharmacists may increase hospital admissions More effective forms of medication review need to be established, considering patients' quality of life and effects on both hospital and general practice, as well as prescribing outcomes

Possible explanations for counterintuitive results
Given the high internal validity of this study, its results are unlikely to be explained by bias or confounding. We cannot exclude the possibility of a type I error (chance). If, however, we consider the findings to be causally related, three possible explanations should be considered. The first is that pharmacists did help patients to understand their conditions better. This could have promoted better help seeking behaviour, leading to more hospital admissions. This positive view is weakly supported by the non-significant decrease in deaths observed.

Two less favourable interpretations are possible. Previous studies have shown that interventions of this type by pharmacists tend to increase adherence to prescribed drugs.^6-9 Our patients were prescribed large numbers of daily drugs (mean = 5.9/day). By encouraging better adherence, our pharmacists may have precipitated iatrogenic illness that previously had been avoided. Finally, by visiting our patients at home and spending reasonably long periods of time there, we may simply have added to the complexity of their care, and increased anxiety and confusion or dependence on health services.

Evidence from other trials
Since this trial started, three large UK studies of community based medication review in elderly people have been published.^10-12 Two showed non-significant decreases in admissions,^{10 11} whereas the other showed a non-significant increase in admissions.¹² These results, in combination with ours, indicate that it cannot be assumed that community based medication review necessarily reduces admissions, despite evidence from overseas.⁴ Although our finding on mortality is potentially encouraging, UK results on this outcome are equivocal, with mixed, non-significant results.^10-12

Conclusion
Our trial suggests that home based medication review for older people recently discharged from hospital increased hospital admissions. It also seemed to worsen patients' quality of life compared with controls. Further research is necessary to elucidate the most effective form and detailed effects of medication review.

---

See also Editorial by Morrison and p 289

This is the abridged version of an article that was posted on bmj.com on 24 January 2005: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38338.674583.AE

We thank Annie Blyth, Vivienne Maskrey, Rowena Pavey, Fiona Roseveare, Elise Chohan, and Jeanette Blacklock for their hard work recruiting patients and collecting data. We thank Clare Daly, Academic Pharmacy Practice Unit, UEA; Delyth James, senior lecturer in pharmacy practice, University of Brighton; and Sheila Baldwin for developing and delivering the medication review training for the review pharmacists. We also thank all the study participants. The trial ISRCTN is 06813178.

Contributors: See bmj.com

Funding: Research costs were funded by a project grant from NHS Eastern Region R&D and the Academic Pharmacy Practice Unit of the University of East Anglia. RH was funded by the MRC as a research fellow during the study. Excess treatment costs were funded by Norfolk Health Authority, Norfolk Social Services, and Suffolk Social Services.

Competing interests: AL works for a primary care trust, an organisation that pays for healthcare services and would be interested in an intervention that has been shown to reduce unnecessary readmissions to hospital. The trust's predecessor, Norfolk Health Authority, contributed some funding towards this study.

Ethical approval: The protocol for this study received ethical approval from Norwich District, King's Lynn, Great Yarmouth and Waveney, and Ipswich local district ethics committees.

References

1. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, Green C, Scott AK, Walley TJ, et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004;329: 15-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Pharmacy in the future: implementing the NHS plan—a programme for pharmacy in the National Health Service. London: Department of Health, 2000.
3. National service framework for older people: implementing medicines related aspects of the NSF for older people. London: Department of Health, 2001.
4. Stewart S, Pearson S, Luke CG, Horowitz JD. Effects of home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and out-of-hospital deaths. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46: 174-80.[ISI][Medline]
5. Holland R, Smith RD, Harvey I, Swift L, Lenaghan E. Assessing quality of life in the elderly: a direct comparison of the EQ-5D and AQoL. Health Econ 2004;13: 793-805.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
6. Lowe CJ, Raynor DK, Purvis J, Farrin A, Hudson J. Effects of a medicine review and education programme for older people in general practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50: 172-5.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
7. Varma S, McElnay JC, Hughes CM, Passmore AP, Varma M. Pharmaceutical care of patients with congestive heart failure: interventions and outcomes. Pharmacotherapy 1999;19: 860-9.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
8. Al-Eidan FA, McElnay JC, Scott MG, McConnell JB. Management of Helicobacter pylori eradication: the influence of structured counselling and follow-up. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53: 163-71.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
9. Al-Rashed SA, Wright DJ, Roebuck N, Sunter W, Chrystyn H. The value of inpatient pharmaceutical counselling to elderly patients prior to discharge. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54: 657-64.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
10. Nazareth I, Burton A, Shulman S, Smith P, Haines A, Timberal H. A pharmacy discharge plan for hospitalized elderly patients—a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 2001;30: 33-40.[Free Full Text]
11. Krska J, Cromarty JA, Arris F, Jamieson D, Hansford D, Duffus PR, et al. Pharmacist-led medication review in patients over 65: a randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Age Ageing 2001;30: 205-11.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Zermansky AG, Petty DR, Raynor DK, Freemantle N, Vail A, Lowe CJ. Randomised controlled trial of clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly patients receiving repeat prescriptions in general practice. BMJ 2001;323: 1340-3.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

(Accepted 2 December 2004)

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

Relevant Articles

Study shows wrong people, wrong skills, wrong tools . . .

Duncan R Petty and Arnold Zermansky
BMJ 2007 334: 1180. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Effectiveness of visits from community pharmacists for patients with heart failure: HeartMed randomised controlled trial

Richard Holland, Iain Brooksby, Elizabeth Lenaghan, Kate Ashton, Laura Hay, Richard Smith, Lee Shepstone, Alistair Lipp, Clare Daly, Amanda Howe, Roger Hall, and Ian Harvey
BMJ 2007 334: 1098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

"I haven't even phoned my doctor yet." The advice giving role of the pharmacist during consultations for medication review with patients aged 80 or more: qualitative discourse analysis

Charlotte Salter, Richard Holland, Ian Harvey, and Karen Henwood
BMJ 2007 334: 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home based medication reviews fail to improve outcomes
BMJ 2005 330: 0. [Full Text]

Follow up of people aged 65 and over with a history of emergency admissions: analysis of routine admission data

Martin Roland, Mark Dusheiko, Hugh Gravelle, and Stuart Parker
BMJ 2005 330: 289-292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Spice, C. L., Morotti, W., George, S., Dent, T. H. S., Rose, J., Harris, S., Gordon, C. J. (2008). The Winchester falls project: a randomised controlled trial of secondary prevention of falls in older people. Age Ageing 0: afn192v1-afn192 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Triller, D. M., Hamilton, R. A. (2007). Effect of pharmaceutical care services on outcomes for home care patients with heart failure. Am J Health Syst Pharm 64: 2244-2249 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Alter, D. A. MD PhD (2007). Therapeutic lifestyle and disease-management interventions: pushing the scientific envelope. CMAJ 177: 887-889 [Full text]  
• Cresswell, K. M., Fernando, B., McKinstry, B., Sheikh, A. (2007). Adverse drug events in the elderly. Br Med Bull 83: 259-274 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Petty, D. R, Zermansky, A. (2007). Study shows wrong people, wrong skills, wrong tools . . .. BMJ 334: 1180-1180 [Full text]  
• Salter, C., Holland, R., Harvey, I., Henwood, K. (2007). "I haven't even phoned my doctor yet." The advice giving role of the pharmacist during consultations for medication review with patients aged 80 or more: qualitative discourse analysis. BMJ 334: 1101-1101 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Holland, R., Brooksby, I., Lenaghan, E., Ashton, K., Hay, L., Smith, R., Shepstone, L., Lipp, A., Daly, C., Howe, A., Hall, R., Harvey, I. (2007). Effectiveness of visits from community pharmacists for patients with heart failure: HeartMed randomised controlled trial. BMJ 334: 1098-1098 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lenaghan, E., Holland, R., Brooks, A. (2007). Home-based medication review in a high risk elderly population in primary care--the POLYMED randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 36: 292-297 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• The Community Pharmacy Medicines Management Projec, (2007). The MEDMAN study: a randomized controlled trial of community pharmacy-led medicines management for patients with coronary heart disease. Fam Pract 24: 189-200 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Zermansky, A. G., Alldred, D. P., Petty, D. R., Raynor, D. K., Freemantle, N., Eastaugh, J., Bowie, P. (2006). Clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly people living in care homes--randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 35: 586-591 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Howard, R. L., Avery, A. J. (2006). Pharmacist-led medication reviews can reduce patient morbidity?. Age Ageing 35: 555-556 [Full text]  
• Gorard, D.A. (2006). Escalating polypharmacy. QJM 99: 797-800 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Holland, R., Smith, R., Harvey, I. (2006). Where now for pharmacist led medication review?. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 60: 92-93 [Full text]  
• Muijrers, P. E., Grol, R. P., Sijbrandij, J., Janknegt, R., Knottnerus, J A. (2005). Differences in prescribing between GPs. Impact of the cooperation with pharmacists and impact of visits from pharmaceutical industry representatives. Fam Pract 22: 624-630 [Abstract] [Full text]  
• Lehman, R. (2005). Evidently.... Evid. Based Med. 10: 72-72 [Full text]  
• (2005). Other articles noted. Evid. Based Med. 10: 95-96 [Full text]  

Rapid Responses:

Read all Rapid Responses

Pharmacist Medication Review Study Design Concerns

Joel W Hay
bmj.com, 28 Jan 2005 [Full text]

Drug Interactions

Roger C Hayter
bmj.com, 30 Jan 2005 [Full text]

Re: Drug Interactions

John david leopold
bmj.com, 4 Feb 2005 [Full text]

Pharmacist Medication Review

Michael G Scott, et al.
bmj.com, 4 Feb 2005 [Full text]

Could increased readmission be linked to increase General Practitioner visits?

Richard L Davies
bmj.com, 6 Feb 2005 [Full text]

Study design should go beyond answering a single question of Outcome

Abdullah Mohammed
bmj.com, 9 Feb 2005 [Full text]

Response to HOMER trial paper

David R Green
bmj.com, 10 Feb 2005 [Full text]

HOMER trial was not a clinical medication review

Duncan Robert Petty, et al.
bmj.com, 16 Feb 2005 [Full text]

Authors' response to comments on the HOMER trial

Richard Holland, et al.
bmj.com, 7 Mar 2005 [Full text]

Pharmacist Medication Reviews

Caroline S Bowyer, et al.
bmj.com, 9 Mar 2005 [Full text]