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  3. Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of patients in community care after first hospitalisation due to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: observational follow-up study
Research

Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of patients in community care after first hospitalisation due to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: observational follow-up study

BMJ 2006; 333 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38881.382755.2F (Published 27 July 2006) Cite this as: BMJ 2006;333:224
  1. Jari Tiihonen (jari.tiihonen{at}niuva.fi), professor and chairman1,
  2. Kristian Walhbeck, research professor2,
  3. Jouko Lönnqvist, research professor3,
  4. Timo Klaukka, research professor4,
  5. John P A Ioannidis, professor5,
  6. Jan Volavka, professor emeritus6,
  7. Jari Haukka, senior researcher3
  1. 1 Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, FIN-70240 Kuopio, Finland
  2. 2 National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES), Helsinki, Finland
  3. 3 Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki
  4. 4 The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Helsinki
  5. 5 Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
  6. 6 New York University, New York, USA
  1. Correspondence to: J Tiihonen
  • Accepted 14 April 2006

Abstract

Objective To study the association between prescribed antipsychotic drugs and outcome in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in the community.

Design Prospective cohort study using national central registers.

Setting Community care in Finland.

Participants Nationwide cohort of 2230 consecutive adults hospitalised in Finland for the first time because of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, January 1995 to December 2001.

Main outcome measures Rates of discontinuation of drugs (all causes), rates of rehospitalisation, and mortality associated with monotherapy with the 10 most commonly used antipsychotic drugs. Multivariate models and propensity score methods were used to adjust estimates of effectiveness.

Results Initial use of clozapine (adjusted relative risk 0.17, 95% confidence interval 0.10 to 0.29), perphenazine depot (0.24, 0.13 to 0.47), and olanzapine (0.35, 0.18 to 0.71) were associated with the lowest rates of discontinuation for any reason when compared with oral haloperidol. During an average follow-up of 3.6 years, 4640 cases of rehospitalisation were recorded. Current use of perphenazine depot (0.32, 0.22 to 0.49), olanzapine (0.54, 0.41 to 0.71), and clozapine (0.64, 0.48 to 0.85) were associated with the lowest risk of rehospitalisation. Use of haloperidol was associated with a poor outcome among women. Mortality was markedly raised in patients not taking antipsychotics (12.3, 6.0 to 24.1) and the risk of suicide was high (37.4, 5.1 to 276).

Conclusions The effectiveness of first and second generation antipsychotics varies greatly in the community. Patients treated with perphenazine depot, clozapine, or olanzapine have a substantially lower risk of rehospitalisation or discontinuation (for any reason) of their initial treatment than do patients treated with haloperidol. Excess mortality is seen mostly in patients not using antipsychotic drugs.

Footnotes

  • Contributors All authors helped conceive and design the study, analyse and interpret data, or draft and revise the article critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the version to be published. JT is guarantor.

  • Funding Annual EVO financing (special government subsidy) from Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.

  • Competing interest None declared.

  • Ethical approval No ethical committee approval needed for a register based study. Approval obtained from all institutions involved and from Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

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