BMJ  2008;336:80-84 (12 January), doi:10.1136/bmj.39421.435949.BE (published 8 January 2008)

Research

Chloramphenicol versus ampicillin plus gentamicin for community acquired very severe pneumonia among children aged 2-59 months in low resource settings: multicentre randomised controlled trial (SPEAR study)

¹ Rawalpindi General Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, ² Al-Sabeen Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen, ³ Corporacion Ecuatoriana de Biotecnologia, Quito, Ecuador, ⁴ Clinical Research Institute, New England Medical Center Tufts University, Boston, USA, ⁵ Nishter Hospital, Multan, Pakistan, ⁶ University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, ⁷ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg University, Baltimore, USA, ⁸ Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA, ⁹ Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Division de Investigacíon, Mexico City, Mexico, ¹⁰ Children’s Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador, ¹¹ Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, ¹² Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, ¹³ Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Objective To evaluate whether five days’ treatment with injectable ampicillin plus gentamicin compared with chloramphenicol reduces treatment failure in children aged 2-59 months with community acquired very severe pneumonia in low resource settings.

Design Open label randomised controlled trial.

Setting Inpatient wards within tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Yemen, and Zambia.

Participants Children aged 2-59 months with WHO defined very severe pneumonia.

Intervention Chloramphenicol versus a combination of ampicillin plus gentamicin.

Main outcome measures Primary outcome measure was treatment failure at five days. Secondary outcomes were treatment failure defined similarly among all participants evaluated at 48 hours and at 10 and 21 days.

Results More children failed treatment with chloramphenicol at day 5 (16% v 11%; relative risk 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.97) and also by days 10 and 21. Overall, 112 bacterial isolates were obtained from blood and lung aspirates in 110 children (11.5%), with the most common organisms being Staphylococcus aureus (n=47) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=22). In subgroup analysis, bacteraemia with any organism increased the risk of treatment failure at 21 days in the chloramphenicol group (2.09, 1.41 to 3.10) but not in the ampicillin plus gentamicin group (1.12, 0.59 to 2.13). Similarly, isolation of S pneumoniae increased the risk of treatment failure at day 21 (4.06, 2.73 to 6.03) and death (5.80, 2.62 to 12.85) in the chloramphenicol group but not in the ampicillin plus gentamicin group. No difference was found in treatment failure for children with S aureus bacteraemia in the two groups, but the power to detect a difference in this subgroup analysis was low. Independent predictors of treatment failure by multivariate analysis were hypoxaemia (oxygen saturation <90%), receiving chloramphenicol, being female, and poor immunisation status.

Conclusion Injectable ampicillin plus gentamicin is superior to injectable chloramphenicol for the treatment of community acquired very severe pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months in low resource settings.

Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN39543942 [controlled-trials.com] .

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