BMJ  2004;328:1420-1424 (12 June), doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7453.1420

Clinical review

Kidney stones

¹ Medical Program (Internal Medicine), Timmins and District Hospital, Timmins, ON, Canada P4N 8R1

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

Introduction

Kidney stones affect up to 5% of the population, with a lifetime risk of passing a kidney stone of about 8-10%.¹ Increased incidence of kidney stones in the industrialised world is associated with improved standards of living and is strongly associated with race or ethnicity and region of residence.² A seasonal variation is also seen, with high urinary calcium oxalate saturation in men during summer and in women during early winter.³ Stones form twice as often in men as women. The peak age in men is 30 years; women have a bimodal age distribution, with peaks at 35 and 55 years. Once a kidney stone forms, the probability that a second stone will form within five to seven years is approximately 50%.¹

Sources and search criteria

I searched Medline to identify recent articles (1990-2003) related to the evaluation and management of kidney stones. Key words used included kidney stones, urinary calculi, urolithiasis, urinary tract . . . [Full text of this article]

Classification and pathophysiology

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Risk factors for kidney stones

Hypercalciuria
Hyperuricosuria
Hyperoxaluria
Hypocitriuria

Struvite (triple phosphate) and cystine stones

Urinary glycoproteins

Clinical features

Investigations

Management

Management of acute renal colic
Surgical treatment
Medical treatment to prevent recurrent stones

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Rapid Responses:

Read all Rapid Responses

Nifedipine in the management of ureteric stone

Madhur D Bhattarai
bmj.com, 11 Jun 2004 [Full text]

How could I trust this clinical review ?

Axel Ellrodt
bmj.com, 12 Jun 2004 [Full text]

Reply to Dr. Bhattarai's comments

Malvinder S. Parmar
bmj.com, 12 Jun 2004 [Full text]

Cool Down! Dr. Ellrodt

Malvinder S. Parmar
bmj.com, 13 Jun 2004 [Full text]

Whither spasmolytics?

Adarsh Mehta
bmj.com, 13 Jun 2004 [Full text]

Renal colic and circadian rhythms.

Roberto Manfredini, et al.
bmj.com, 14 Jun 2004 [Full text]

I.V.U's

jill E Trevithick
bmj.com, 15 Jun 2004 [Full text]

Augmented Bladders & Stones

Ian E Willetts
bmj.com, 16 Jun 2004 [Full text]

(Now cold) I apologise, Dr Parmar and BMJ

Axel Ellrodt
bmj.com, 20 Jun 2004 [Full text]

Author's response to RRs [rapid responses] from June 12-16.

Malvinder S. Parmar
bmj.com, 20 Jun 2004 [Full text]