Ingredients | Percentage reduction (95% CI) in risk of CVD | Source |
---|---|---|
Wine (150 ml/day) | 32 (23 to 41) | Di Castelnuovo et al (MA)6 |
Fish (114 g four times/week) | 14 (8 to 19) | Whelton et al (MA)7 |
Dark chocolate (100 g/day) | 21 (14 to 27) | Taubert et al (RCT)8 |
Fruit and vegetables (400 g/day) | 21 (14 to 27) | John et al (RCT)10 |
Garlic (2.7 g/day) | 25 (21 to 27) | Ackermann et al (MA)11 |
Almonds (68 g/day) | 12.5 (10.5 to 13.5) | Jenkins et al (RCT),15 Sabate et al (RCT)16 |
Combined effect | 76 (63 to 84) |
CVD=cardiovascular disease; MA=meta-analysis; RCT=randomised controlled trial.