The conceptualization of pain and its progression into chronic disability has evolved from unidimensional models to more integrative, biopsychosocial models that take into account the many biological, psychosocial, social, and economic factors that may significantly contribute to the low back pain experience. This chapter reviews various studies that have demonstrated our growing understanding of these complex, interactive processes in helping to predict those who develop chronic disability as well as those who respond best to treatment attempts. Further, we examine the issue of compensation and how it too is intricately intertwined with the other variables contributing to lower back pain disability.