ABC of palliative care: Emergencies
BMJ 1997; 315 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1525 (Published 06 December 1997) Cite this as: BMJ 1997;315:1525- Stephen Falk,
- Marie Fallon
Introduction
The concept of rapid assessment, evaluation, and management of symptoms due to malignancy is generally accepted. Inherent in this concept is rapid reversal of what is reversible. Some acute events in malignancy have to be treated as an emergency if a favourable outcome is to be achieved. As in any emergency, the assessment must be as prompt and complete as possible. In patients with advanced malignancy, factors to consider include.
While unnecessary hospital admission may cause distress for the patient and carers, missed emergency treatment of reversible symptomatology can be disastrous.
The nature of the emergency
The general physical condition of the patient
Disease status and likely prognosis
Concomitant pathologies
Symptomatology
The likely effectiveness and toxicity of available treatments
Patients' and carers' wishes.
Major emergencies in palliative care
Hypercalcaemia
Superior venal caval obstruction
Spinal cord compression
Bone fractures
Other emergencies, such as haemorrhage and acute anxiety and depression, are discussed elsewhere in this series
Questions to ask when considering management of emergencies in patients with advanced disease
What is the problem?
Can it be reversed?
What effect will reversal of the symptom have on patient's overall condition?
What is your medical judgment?
What does the patient want?
What do the carers want?
Could active treatment maintain or improve this patient's quality of life?
Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia is the commonest life threatening metabolic disorder encountered in patients with cancer. The incidence varies with the underlying malignancy, being most common in multiple myeloma and breast cancer (40-50%), less so in non-small cell lung cancer, and rare in small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer.
Presenting features of hypercalcaemia
Mild symptoms
Nausea
Anorexia and vomiting
Constipation
Thirst and polyuria
Severe symptoms and signs
Gross dehydration
Drowsiness
Confusion and coma
Abnormal neurology
Cardiac arrhythmias
It is important to remember non-malignant causes of hypercalcaemia—particularly primary hyperparathyroidism, which is prevalent in the general population.
The pathology of hypercalcaemia is mediated by factors such as parathyroid related protein, prostaglandins, and local interaction by cytokines such as interleukin …
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