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Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors

BMJ 1999; 319 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523 (Published 11 December 1999) Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1523

Data supplement

  • Table A

    Table B

    References
     

    Table A  Experimental studies of alcohol intake and changes in concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A I
     

    StudyPopulation (age)Amount ( source of alcohol)Duration*ResultMeta-analysis weight**
    Berg and Johansson 1973w68 men (22-26)63 g/day (beer)5 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration ( lipoprotein) increased significantly8
    Belfrage et al 1977w89 men (22-29)75 g/day (ethanol)5 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration ( lipoprotein) increased 30% above normal18
    Glueck et al 1980w117 men (18-19)35 g/day or 53 g/day (vodka)1 weekHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 1.5 mg/dl24
    Hulley et al 1981w1215 men (40-62)Abstinence from average 96.2 g/day2 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration decreased by 7 mg/dl—
    Fraser et al 1983w1311 men (20-27)Average 32 g/day
    (10-74 g/day)    		3 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 4.27 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 8.02 mg/dl48
    Hartung et al 1983w1444 men: 16 marathon runners, 15 joggers, and 13 inactive

    (27-59)

    		35.9 g/day (beer)3 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 0.9 mg/dl in marathon runners, decreased by 6 mg/dl in joggers, and increased by 9.1 mg/dl in active men24, 24, and 24
    Thornton et al 1983w159 women and 3 men (39-57)39 g/day (white wine)6 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 8.1 mg/dl26
    Haskell et al 1984w1624 men (30-60)36.8 g/day (all types)5 weeks High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 6.6 mg/dl16
    Crouse et al 1984w1710 men (22-62 )90 g/day (ethanol)4 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol C concentration increased by 5.0 mg/dl81
    Couzigou et al 1984w187 men (28-31)Average 29.4 g/day

    (red wine)

    		5 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol C concentration increased by 10.1 mg/dl and 
    apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 18 mg/dl    		9
    Camargo et al 1985w1924 men (30-60)36.8 g/day (all types)5 weeksApolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 19.2 mg/dl† and by 19.5 mg/dl‡—
    Malmendier et al 1985w207 non-obese men (23-39) and 2 obese men (26-35)60 g/day (spirits) for non-obese men, and 70 g/day (spirits) for obese men4 weeksNon-obese: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 1.0 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 17.0 mg/dl

    Obese: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 11.5 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 17.0 mg/dl

    		24 and 24
    Masarei et al 1986w2124 men (25-55) and 22 men (25-55)45.8 g/day or 52.8 g/day (beer)6 weeks45.8 g/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 5.0 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 17 mg/dl

    52.8 g/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 6.2 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 14 mg/dl

    		24 and 18
    Bertierie et al 1986w2210 men (18-21)30 g/day (red wine)4 weeksApolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 16.8 mg/dl§—
    Burr et al 1986w2351 men and women (20-56)
    48 men and women (20-56)    		19 g/day or 17.8 g/day (all types)4 weeks19 g/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 3.1 mg/dl 
    17.8 g/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 3.5 mg/dl    		—
    Hartung et al 1986w2418 active women and 18 inactive women (30-49)30 g/day or 32 g/day (wine)3 weeksActive: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration decreased by 2 mg/dl and
    apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 3 mg/dl

    Inactive: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 5 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 10 mg/dl

    		24 and 24
    Pikaar et al 1987w2512 men (21 to 29)25 g/day or 50 g/day (red wine) or 25 g/day (red wine weekend only)5 weeks 25 g/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 1.9 mg/dl 50 g/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 3.5mg/dl 25 g/day weekend: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 1.5 mg/dl115, 34, and —
    Moore et al 19881056 men (21-60)12.6 g/day (beer)8 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration decreased by 1 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 14 mg/dl†, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 1 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 9 mg/dl‡ —
    Valimaki et al 1988w2610 men (30-43)30 g/day or 60 g/day (all types)3 weeks30/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 1 mg/dl and 
    apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 1.67 mg/dl

    60 g/day: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 6 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 20 mg/dl

    		24 and 15
    Contaldo et al 1989w278 men (30-47)75 g/day (red wine)2 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration C increased by 6.0 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 15 mg/dl21
    Frimpong et al 1989w288 men (21-35)40 g/day (beer)6 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 5.8 mg/dl† and by 6.97 mg/dl‡20
    Hartung et al 1990w2926 active men and 23 inactive men (30-54)13.7 g/day or 41 g/day (beer)3 weeksTotal: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 2.5 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 5.5 mg/dl

    Active: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 6.5 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 16 mg/dl

    Inactive: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 3.5 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 3 mg/dl

    		24 and 24
    Valimaki et al 1991w3010 men (27-45)60 g/day (all types)3 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 8 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 21.8 mg/dl26
    Hagiage et al 1992w317 men (average 29), average body mass index 30 kg/m2, and 7 men (average 27), average body mass index 22 kg/m230 g/day (red wine)2 weeksBody mass index 30 kg/m2: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 5 mg/dl 

    Body mass index 22 kg/m2: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 9 mg/dl

    		26 and 24
    Cox et al 1993w32Vigorous exercise in 37 men and light exercise in 35 men (20-45)58.7 g/day (beer)4 weeksVigorous exercise: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 5.42 mg/dl† and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 18 mg/dl, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 5.8 mg/dl‡ and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 16 mg/dl

    Light exercise: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 5.81 mg/dl† and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 12 mg/dl, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 8.5 mg/dl‡ and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 14 mg/dl

    		—
    Hartung et al 1993w3313 active men and 14 inactive men (24-56)41 g/day (beer)20 daysActive: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 12 mg/dl

    Inactive: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 8 mg/dl

    		24 and 24
    Suzukawa et al 1994w3418 men (average 32.1)Average 35 g/day (spirits)4 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 3.7 mg/dl†and by 4.0 mg/dl‡52
    Sharpe et al 1995w3511 men and 9 women (25-60)2 trials: 21 g/day (red wine) and 21 g/day (white wine)10 days/trialRed wine: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 1.16 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 3 mg/dl
    White wine: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration decreased by 1 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration remained the same    		24 and 24
    Clevidence et al 1995w3634 women (21-40)30 g/day (grain alcohol)3 monthsHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 6.2 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 10 mg/dl18
    McConnell et al 1997w379 women and 11 men (23-51)13.5 g/day

    (beer)

    		6 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 2 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 4 mg/dl69
    Van Tol et alw5412 men (44-59)40 g/day with dinner (all types)3 weeksHigh density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased at study completion (unquantified)—
    Rakic et alw5541 men who were daily drinkers and 14 men who were weekend drinkers

    (21-65)

    		29-68 g/day (all types) v low alcohol beer4 weeksDaily drinkers: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 4.64 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 14 mg/dl 

    Weekend drinkers: high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 4.64 mg/dl and apolipoprotein A I concentration increased by 12 mg/dl

    		226 and —

    *Time of treatment (or abstinence) with alcohol rather than total time of study.

    †External control: changes in concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A I were compared between two different populations—one given alcohol and other placebo.

    ‡Internal control: concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A I were compared in the same individuals before and after consumption of alcohol.

    §Calculation based on total protein (mg/dl) and percentage apolipoprotein A I presented in tables 1 and 2 in the BMJ (Bertiere 1986).

    ¶Only eight participants in fixed drinking arm were included in this analysis.

    **Weight used in regression analysis (studies without weight did not meet inclusion criteria).
     

    Table B   Experimental studies of alcohol and biochemical measures of thrombolysis and coagulation
     

    StudyPopulation (age)Amount (source of alcohol)Duration*ResultNotes
    Elmer et al 1984w387 men and 3 women2 ml/kg (spirits)
    (average 53.5 g for participant weighing 70 kg)    		1 day1 and 2 hour bleeding time and platelet aggregation reduced (P<0.02). No changes in factor V, VII VIII, XII, plasminogen, or fibrinogenAssays from samples drawn only 1 and 2 hours after alcohol consumption
    Galli et al 1984w394 men (25-31)0.48 g/kg (ethanol)1 dayNon-significant decrease in collagen induced platelet aggregation and increase in thromboxane B2 production 1 and 3 hours after ethanol
    Hillbom et al 1985w4910 men (22-30)1.5 g/kg (ethanol)1 dayADP induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 function significantly increased 4 and 12 hours after alcohol consumptionParticipants fasted 10 hours before and 16 hours after alcohol consumption
    Burr et al 1986w2398 men and women (20-56)18.4 g/day average
    (all types)    		4 weeksFibrinogen decreased but not significantly
    Hillbom et al 1987w4112 men (21-33)1.0-1.2 g/kg (ethanol)1 dayNo effect on platelet aggregation. 5 hour thromboxane B2 function increased after ethanol with 8 µmol/l ADP induced aggregation. Factor VIII:c increased (P<0.01) 5 hours after ethanol but returned after 24 hours. Bleeding time only marginally increased
    Mikhailidis et al 1987w424 men and 4 women (23-45)1 ml/kg (ethanol)
    (average 26.8 g for participant weighing 70 kg)    		1 day

    2-2.5 hours after breakfast

    		Significant decrease in ADP (5 µmol/l) and collagen (1mg/l) induced platelet aggregation in samples taken 30 minutes after alcohol consumption
    Neiman et al 1987w436 men
    (mean 31)    		0.25 g/kg (ethanol)
    after fast for 12 and 36 hours    		2 daysADP induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 production not significantly affected
    Pikaar et al 1987w25

    Kluft et al 1990w44

    		12 men (21 to 29)23 g/day or 46 g/day (red wine), or 23 g/day (weekend only)5 weeks Maximum aggregation and aggregation velocity (P<0.05). Plasminogen decreased (P<0.05) in all groups and tissue type plasminogen activator (P<0.05) decreased in the 46 g/day group only. Significant increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 for regular (P<0.01) but not binge drinking. Fibrinogen and factor VII antigen were not affectedAssays from samples drawn after overnight fast
    Sumi et al 1988w4540 men and 38 women (20-36)28.7-57.4 g (shochu, sake, or beer)1 dayIncreased fibrinolytic activity 1, 2, and 4 hours after alcohol consumptionFibrinolytic strength was strongest for shochu, then sake, and then beer
    Veenstra et al 1990w468 men (20-30) and 8 men (45-55)30 g (red wine and port)1 dayEthanol increased ADP induced platelet aggregation postprandially but decreased in overnight fast; no effects on thromboxane B2; tissue type plasminogen activator decreased postprandially only; plasminogen activator inhibitor increased postprandially onlyHigh fat or high protein meal also randomised in cross over design but did not modify alcohol effects
    Veenstra et al 1990w478 men (45-55)40 g (red wine and gin)1 dayNo significant difference in collagen or ADP induced platelet aggregation between preprandial, postprandial, or next morning blood test results
    Numminen et al 1991w4810 men (20-24)1.5 g/kg (ethanol)1 day: cross over study compared with fruit juice (blood concentrations before and after exercise)No significant change in thromboxane B2 or fibrinogen 1 hour or 9 hours after ethanol consumptionExercise also did not modify the response of ethanol on these clotting factors
    Hendriks et al 1994w498 men (45-55)40 g (red wine, beer, or spirits)1 day with evening mealPlasminogen activator inhibitor increased (P<0.05) 1, 3, 5, and 9 hours after meal tissue type plasminogen activator antigen increased (P<0.05) 3, 5, and 9 hours after meal tissue type plasminogen activator activity decreased (P<0.05) 1, 3, and 5 hours after meal and increased (P<0.001) 13 hours after mealChanges were similar for each beverage type except increases in plasminogen activator inhibitor and in 13 hour tissue type plasminogen activator activity were slightly stronger for spirits than for other beverages
    Pellegrini et al 1996w5011 men (20-45)30 g/day (red wine or ethanol in fruit juice)4 weeksFibrinogen: 5 mg/100 ml (red wine) and 16 mg/100 ml (ethanol)

    Tissue type plasminogen activator: 0.2 ng/ml (red wine) and 0.8 ng/ml (ethanol) von Willebrand factor: 0.8% (red wine) and 0.9% (ethanol)

    Platelet aggregation decreased in both groups (P<0.03)†

    No differences in bleeding time, ADP induced platelet aggregation, or plasminogen

    McConnell et al 1997w3711 men and 9 women
    (23-51)    		13.5 g/day (beer)6 weeksTissue type plasminogen activator antigen, tissue type plasminogen activator activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity, prothrombin factor and thrombin antithrombin increased and von Willebrand factor decreasedNone of the associations were significant
    Sumi et al 1998w5310 men and 10 women

    (20-52)

    		28.7-57.4 g/day (citrus wine, red wine, white wine, or rice wine)1 dayIn vitro: red wine inhibited plasma (thrombotic effect) but not white wine, citrus wine, or shochu
    In vivo: Plasminogen activity increased for all beverages 1 hour after drinking (thrombolytic effect)

    *Time of treatment (or abstinence) of alcohol rather than total time of study.

    †Platelet aggregation measured as concentration of collagen giving a 50% decrease in optical density.
     

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  • Role of Rare and Low Frequency Variants in Gene-Alcohol Interactions on Plasma Lipid Levels
  • Relationship between alcohol use, blood pressure and hypertension: an association study and a Mendelian randomisation study
  • Reprint of: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Diet Modification: JACC Health Promotion Series
  • Association Between Alcohol Intake and Cardiac Remodeling
  • Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Diet Modification: JACC Health Promotion Series
  • 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
  • 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
  • Effects of drinking on late-life brain and cognition
  • Association between the TIMD4-HAVCR1 variants and serum lipid levels, coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke risk and atorvastatin lipid-lowering efficacy
  • Wine and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review
  • Lessons and Challenges from a 6-Month Randomized Pilot Study of Daily Ethanol Consumption: Research Methodology and Study Design
  • Longitudinal study of alcohol consumption and HDL concentrations: a community-based study
  • Effects of Dietary Flavonoids on Reverse Cholesterol Transport, HDL Metabolism, and HDL Function
  • Alcohol Consumption and Cardiac Disease: Where Are We Now?
  • Assessing the Effects of Diet and Behavior on Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Biomarkers in Understanding Biology and Mechanism
  • The Alternative Healthy Eating Index Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Fatal and Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Chinese Adult Population
  • Associations of alcoholic beverage preference with cardiometabolic and lifestyle factors: the NQplus study
  • The relationships between alcohol, wine and cardiovascular diseases -A review
  • Alcohol Intake and Risk of Incident Psoriatic Arthritis in Women
  • All cause mortality and the case for age specific alcohol consumption guidelines: pooled analyses of up to 10 population based cohorts
  • A Lipoprotein Lipase Gene Polymorphism Interacts with Consumption of Alcohol and Unsaturated Fat to Modulate Serum HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations
  • Long-term change in alcohol-consumption status and variations in fibrinogen levels: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study
  • Binge Drinking and Vascular Function: A Sober Look at the Data
  • Management of Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol
  • Effect of acute and chronic red wine consumption on lipopolysaccharide concentrations
  • Impact of alcohol intake on total mortality and mortality from major causes in Japan: a pooled analysis of six large-scale cohort studies
  • Understanding the Mechanisms That Link Alcohol and Lower Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
  • Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Women
  • Controlling for High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Does Not Affect the Magnitude of the Relationship Between Alcohol and Coronary Heart Disease
  • Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights
  • Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
  • Adherence Index Based on the AHA 2006 Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Is Associated with Select Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Older Puerto Ricans
  • Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies
  • Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Lifetime Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
  • Circulating palmitoleic acid and risk of metabolic abnormalities and new-onset diabetes
  • Cardiovascular and Overall Mortality Risk in Relation to Alcohol Consumption in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
  • Alcohol Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Younger, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults
  • Alcohol Consumption and Mortality in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis
  • Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality Among U.S. Adults, 1987 to 2002
  • Dietary, lifestyle, and clinical predictors of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in individuals without coronary artery disease
  • Alcohol as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Long-term wine consumption is related to cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy independently of moderate alcohol intake: the Zutphen Study
  • Red Wine Polyphenols Prevent Acceleration of Neovascularization by Angiotensin II in the Ischemic Rat Hindlimb
  • Relationship between job strain and smoking cessation: the Finnish Public Sector Study
  • Alcohol consumption and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy men and women from 3 European populations
  • Alcohol and coronary artery calcium prevalence, incidence, and progression: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
  • Who benefits most from the cardioprotective properties of alcohol consumption--health freaks or couch potatoes?
  • Alcohol Consumption, Mediating Biomarkers, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Middle-Aged Women
  • Combined impact of lifestyle factors on mortality: prospective cohort study in US women
  • Chronic intake of fermented floral nectar by wild treeshrews
  • Red wine, chocolate and vascular health: developing the evidence base
  • Prospective study of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome
  • Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Hypertension in Women and Men
  • Ethanol Abolishes Ischemic Preconditioning in Humans
  • Low organisational justice and heavy drinking: a prospective cohort study
  • Interrelation of saturated fat, trans fat, alcohol intake, and subclinical atherosclerosis
  • Comparison of demography, diet, lifestyle, and serum lipid levels between the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations
  • Glycemic Effects of Moderate Alcohol Intake Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A multicenter, randomized, clinical intervention trial
  • Relationship Among Alcohol, Body Weight, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in 27,030 Korean Men
  • To Drink or Not to Drink? That Is the Question
  • Alcohol Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes: Influence of Genetic Variation in Alcohol Dehydrogenase
  • Beyond HDL-cholesterol increase: phospholipid enrichment and shift from HDL3 to HDL2 in alcohol consumers
  • Effect of alcoholic beverages on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean, young, healthy adults
  • Moderate Alcohol Consumption Is More Cardioprotective in Men with the Metabolic Syndrome
  • Effect of varying the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids by increasing the dietary intake of {alpha}-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, or both on fibrinogen and clotting factors VII and XII in persons aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study.
  • Impact of Dietary Patterns and Interventions on Cardiovascular Health
  • Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men: Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications
  • Coronary Atherosclerosis and Alcohol Consumption: Angiographic and Mortality Data
  • Alcohol Use, Vascular Disease, and Lipid-Lowering Drugs
  • Total fluid intake and use of individual beverages and risk of renal cell cancer in two large cohorts.
  • Changing drinking pattern does not influence health perception: a longitudinal study of the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.
  • Alcohol Consumption in Relation to Metabolic Regulation, Inflammation, and Adiponectin in 64-Year-Old Caucasian Women: A population-based study with a focus on impaired glucose regulation
  • Alcohol and Coronary Heart Disease: The Answer Awaits a Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Drinking Frequency, Mediating Biomarkers, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Women and Men
  • Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Study of Health in Pomerania
  • Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System: Research Challenges and Opportunities
  • Alcohol intake modulates the genetic association between HDL cholesterol and the PPAR{gamma}2 Pro12Ala polymorphism
  • Association between dietary factors and plasma adiponectin concentrations in men
  • Moderate Alcohol Consumption Lowers the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies
  • Alcohol Consumption and the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the U.S.: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  • Multivariate Assessment of Lipid Parameters as Predictors of Coronary Heart Disease Among Postmenopausal Women: Potential Implications for Clinical Guidelines
  • Alcohol intake in relation to brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in older persons without dementia
  • A dietary pattern derived to explain biomarker variation is strongly associated with the risk of coronary artery disease
  • Moderate Daily Intake of Red Wine Inhibits Mural Thrombosis and Monocyte Tissue Factor Expression in an Experimental Porcine Model
  • Alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  • Lipoprotein-Associated Phosphatidylethanol Increases the Plasma Concentration of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • Is alcohol anti-inflammatory in the context of coronary heart disease?
  • Effect of employee worktime control on health: a prospective cohort study
  • Factors behind the Increase in Cardiovascular Mortality in Russia: Apolipoprotein AI and B Distribution in the Arkhangelsk Study 2000
  • Alcohol Consumption and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
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