Suspected research fraud: difficulties of getting at the truth

Key events in the case of Dr Ram B Singh

Publications of Dr Ram B Singh

Key events in the case of Dr Ram B Singh

1992

• Singh paper published in the BMJ
• Singh submits first of a series of manuscripts to the BMJ

• First doubts raised at the BMJ about Singh’s research

1993

• BMJ receives separately unsolicited letters, expressing concerns about Singh’s research, from Drs Paul McKeigue and George Davey Smith and Dr Terri Millane

1994

• Richard Smith first asks Singh for raw data on manuscripts 933348 and 933676 and enlists Paul McKeigue to review Singh’s BMJ manuscripts and published research

1995

• In January Richard Smith asks Singh again for raw data for manuscripts 933348 and 933676, and also for manuscript 943543
• Paul McKeigue submits his report in March
• Singh supplies raw data for 943543, which are sent to Professor Stephen Evans

1996

• Professor Tom Sanders raises suspicion of fabricated data in his review of 961005

1997

• Singh "cancels" 954962 and 963269
• Richard Smith advises Singh that none of his submitted manuscripts will be published in the BMJ

1999

• Report on 943543 arrives from Stephen Evans
• Richard Smith challenges Singh to explain the report’s findings and warns that if no response is forthcoming he will approach the National Human Rights Commission in India
• Singh denies some of the allegations, but does not respond fully, and attacks Paul McKeigue

2000

• Richard Smith contacts the National Human Rights Commission, enclosing the reports of Paul McKeigue and Stephen Evans, the published 1992 paper, and the manuscripts for 943543, 933676, and 933348
• The commission forwards complaint to the Indian Council of Medical Research
• The council issues its report, concluding that it was difficult to judge the data without access to the raw data and further information on how the research had been conducted

2001

• Richard Smith contacts the Indian Council of Medical Research again, querying what has happened

2002

• After a further prompt, the council responds saying it has no powers to act in respect of Singh, but that it will alert the relevant authorities
• The BMJ Ethics Committee decides to publish the saga in full
• The Lancet publishes a paper by Singh and coauthors

2003

• BMJ editor alerts Lancet to its concerns about Singh

• Lancet editor asks a coauthor of the study to investigate; the report exonerates Singh
• The prospect of an article in the BMJ prompts Singh to defend himself in a series of emails to the journal

2004

• The BMJ attempts to contact a range of academics and researchers in India to glean further information on Singh

2005

• Singh is given the opportunity to respond to previous and new queries raised by the BMJ. He renews his attack on Paul McKeigue and accuses the BMJ of racism

• BMJ publishes the story and an expression of concern

Publications of Dr Ram B Singh

This list, which includes letters and reviews, is unlikely to be the full publication list.

2004

Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Regal P, Otsuka K, Wang Z, Katinas GS, Siegelova J, Homolka P, Prikryl P, Chibisov SM, Holley DC, Wendt HW, Bingham C, Palm SL, Sonkowsky RP, Sothern RB, Pales E, Mikulecky M, Tarquini R, Perfetto F, Salti R, Maggioni C, Jozsa R, Konradov AA, Kharlitskaya EV, Revillam M, Wan C, Herold M, Syutkina EV, Masalov AV, Faraone P, Singh RB, Singh RK, Kumar A, Singhs R, Sundaram S, Sarabandi T, Pantaleoni G, Watanabe Y, Kumagai Y, Gubin D, Uezono K, Olah A, Borer K, Kanabrockia EA, Bathina S, Haus E, Hillman D, Schwartzkopff O, Bakken EE, Zeman M.

Chronoastrobiology: proposal, nine conferences, heliogeomagnetics, transyears, near-weeks, near-decades, phylogenetic and ontogenetic memories.

Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;58 Suppl 1:S150-87.

Zaslayskaya RM, Lilistsa GV, Dilmagambetova GS, Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Otsuka K, Singh RB, Stoynev A, Ikomomov O, Tarquinti R, Perfetto F, Schwartxkopff O, Bakken EE.

Melatonin, refractory hypertension, myocardial ischemia and other challenges in nightly blood pressure lowering.

Biomed Pharmacother 2004 Oct; 58 Suppl 1:S129-34.

Singh RB, Pella D, Sharma JP, Rastogi S, Kartikey K, Goel VK, Sharma R, Neki NS, Kumar A, Otsuka K.

Increased concentrations of lipoprotein(a), circadian rhythms and metabolic reactions evoked by acute myocardial infarction, associated with acute reactions in relation to large breakfasts.

Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;58 Suppl 1:S116-22.

Singh RB, Pella D, Neki NS, Chandel JP, Rastogi S, Mori H, Otsuka K, Gupta P.

Mechanisms of acute myocardial infarction study (MAMIS).

Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;58 Suppl 1:S111-5.

Cornelissen G, Halberg F, Bakken E, Singh RB, Otsuka K, Tomlinson B, Delcourt A, Toussaint G, Bathina S, Schwartzkopff O, Wang Z, Tarquini R, Perfetto F, Pantaleoni G, Jozsa R, Delmore PA, Nolley E.

1100 or 30 years after Janeway or Bartter, Healthwatch helps avoid 'flying blind'.

Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;58 Suppl 1:S69-86.

Singh RB, Pella D, Mechirova V, Otsuka K.

Can brain dysfunction be a predisposing factor for metabolic syndrome?

Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;58 Suppl 1:S56-68.

Otsuka K, Yamanaka G, Shinagawa M, Murakami S, Yamanaka T, Shibata K, Yano S, Ishizuka S, Singh RB, Cornelissen G, Halberg F.

Chronomic community screening reveals about 31% depression, elevated blood pressure and infradian vascular rhythm alteration.

Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;58 Suppl 1:S48-55.

Singh RB, Cornelissen G, Halberg F, Otsuka K.

Losartan-ramipril combination treatment.

J Assoc Physicians India. 2004 May;52:429.

Neki NS, Singh RB, Rastogi SS.

How brain influences neuro-cardiovascular dysfunction.

J Assoc Physicians India. 2004 Mar;52:223-30.

Sharma R, Singh RB.

MRI of coronary artery atherosclerosis in rabbits: histopathology-MRI correlation and atheroma characterization.

Thromb J 2004 May 15;2 (1):5.

2003

Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Stoynev A, Ikonomov O, Katinas G, Sampson M, Wang Z, Wan C, Singh RB, Otsuka K, Sothern RB, Sothern SB, Sothern MI, Syutkina EV, Masalov A, Perfetto F, Tarquini R, Maggioni C, Kumagai Y, Siegelova J, Fiser B, Homolka P, Dusek J, Uezono K, Watanabe Y, Wu J, Prikryl P, Blank M, Blank O, Sonkowsky R, Schwartzkopff O, Hellbrugge T, Spector NH, Baciu I, Hriscu M, Bakken E.

Season's appreciations 2002 and 2003. Imaging in time: the transyear (longer-than-the-calendar year) and the half-year.

Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003 Dec;24(6):479-98.

Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Wang Z, Wan C, Ulmer W, Katinas G, Singh R, Singh RK, Singh RK, Gupta BD, Singh RB, Kumar A, Kanabrocki E, Sothern RB, Rao G, Bhatt ML, Srivastava M, Rai G, Singh S, Pati AK, Nath P, Halberg F, Halberg J, Schwartzkopff O, Bakken E, Governor Shri Vishnu Kant Shastri.

Chronomics: circadian and circaseptan timing of radiotherapy, drugs, calories, perhaps nutriceuticals and beyond.

J Exp Ther Oncol. 2003 Sep-Oct;3(5):223-60.

Pella D, Dubnov G, Singh RB, Sharma R, Berry EM, Manor O.

Effects of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on the omega-6/omega-3 ratio in patients at high risk of coronary artery disease: the Indian paradox.

World Rev Nutr Diet. 2003;92:74-80.

Singh RB, Kartikey K, Charu AS, Niaz MA, Schaffer S.

Effect of taurine and coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;526:41-8.

Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, Pella D, Kumar A, Niaz MA, Thakur AS.

Effect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction.

Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Apr;246(1-2):75-82.

Pella D, Thomas N, Tomlinson B, Singh RB.

Prevention of coronary artery disease: the south Asian paradox.

Lancet. 2003 Jan 4;361(9351):79.

Singh RB, Cornelissen G, Weydahl A, Schwartzkopff O, Katinas G, Otsuka K, Watanabe Y, Yano S, Mori H, Ichimaru Y, Mitsutake G, Pella D, Fanghong L, Zhao Z, Rao RS, Gvozdjakova A, Halberg F.

Circadian heart rate and blood pressure variability considered for research and patient care.

Int J Cardiol. 2003 Jan;87(1):9-28; discussion 29-30.

2002

Mori H, Nakamura N, Tamura N, Sawai M, Tanno T, Narita T, Singh RB, Otsuka K.

Circadian variation of basal total vascular tone and chronotherapy in patients with vasospastic angina pectoris.

Biomed Pharmacother. 2002;56 Suppl 2:339s-344s.

Singh RB, Kartik C, Otsuka K, Pella D, Pella J.

Brain-heart connection and the risk of heart attack.

Biomed Pharmacother. 2002;56 Suppl 2:257s-265s.

Singh RB, Pella D, Otsuka K, Halberg F, Cornelissen G.

New insights into circadian aspects of health and disease.

J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 Nov;50:1416-25.

Singh RB, Dubnov G, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Singh R, Rastogi SS, Manor O, Pella

D, Berry EM.

Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial.

Lancet. 2002 Nov 9;360(9344):1455-61.

2001

Rastogi SS, Singh RB.

Antioxidants, free radical stress and diabetes.

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;498:201-11.

Singh RB, Weydahl A, Otsuka K, Watanabe Y, Yano S, Mori H, Ichimaru Y, Mitsutake G, Sato Y, Fanghong L, Zhao ZY, Kartik C, Gvozdjakova A.

Can nutrition influence circadian rhythm and heart rate variability?

Biomed Pharmacother. 2001;55 Suppl 1:115s-124s.

2000

Halberg F, Cornelissen G, Otsuka K, Watanabe Y, Katinas GS, Burioka N, Delyukov A, Gorgo Y, Zhao Z, Weydahl A, Sothern RB, Siegelova J, Fiser B, Dusek J, Syutkina EV, Perfetto F, Tarquini R, Singh RB, Rhees B, Lofstrom D, Lofstrom P, Johnson PW, Schwartzkopff O, the International BIOCOS Study Group.

Cross-spectrally coherent ~10.5- and 21-year biological and physical cycles, magnetic storms and myocardial infarctions*

Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2000;21(3):233-258.

Singh RB, Suh IL, Singh VP, Chaithiraphan S, Laothavorn P, Sy RG, Babilonia NA, Rahman AR, Sheikh S, Tomlinson B, Sarraf-Zadigan N.

Hypertension and stroke in Asia: prevalence, control and strategies in developing countries for prevention.

J Hum Hypertens. 2000 Oct-Nov;14(10-11):749-63.

Singh RB, Shinde SN, Chopra RK, Niaz MA, Thakur AS, Onouchi Z.

Effect of coenzyme Q10 on experimental atherosclerosis and chemical composition

and quality of atheroma in rabbits.

Atherosclerosis. 2000 Feb;148(2):275-82.

1999

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

Genetic variation and nutrition in relation to coronary artery disease.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 Dec;47(12):1185-90.

Singh RB.

Serum lipoprotein(a) levels in ischaemic heart disease.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 Aug;47(8):846-7.

Niaz MA, Singh RB.

Modulation of free radical stress in human red blood cell membrane by forskolin and the prospects for treatment of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1999 Dec;45(8):1203-7.

Singh RB.

Coronary artery disease risk factors in south Asian and American premenopausal women.

Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1112-3.

Singh RB.

GISSI-Prevenzione trial.

Lancet. 1999 Oct 30;354(9189):1556-7.

Singh RB, Beegom R, Mehta AS, Niaz MA, De AK, Mitra RK, Haque M, Verma SP, Dube GK, Siddiqui HM, Wander GS, Janus ED, Postiglione A, Haque MS.

Social class, coronary risk factors and undernutrition, a double burden of diseases, in women during transition, in five Indian cities.

Int J Cardiol. 1999 May 15;69(2):139-47.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Beegom R, Wander GS, Thakur AS, Rissam HS.

Body fat percent by bioelectrical impedance analysis and risk of coronary artery disease among urban men with low rates of obesity: the Indian paradox.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Jun;18(3):268-73.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Shukla PK, Thakur AS.

Effect of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 on blood pressures and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease.

J Hum Hypertens. 1999 Mar;13(3):203-8.

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

Serum concentration of lipoprotein(a) decreases on treatment with hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 in patients with coronary artery disease: discovery of a new role.

Int J Cardiol. 1999 Jan;68(1):23-9.

Singh RB, Verma SP, Niaz MA.

Social class and coronary artery disease in India.

Lancet. 1999 Jan 9;353(9147):154.

1998

Singh RB, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, Rastogi V, Wander GS.

Validation of tobacco and alcohol intake questionnaire in relation to food intakes for the Five City Study and a proposed classification for Indians.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 Jul;46(7):587-91.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi V, Rastogi SS.

Coenzyme Q in cardiovascular disease.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 Mar;46(3):299-306.

Singh RB, Aslam M.

L-carnitine administration in coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 Sep;46(9):801-5.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Niaz MA, Postiglione A.

Association of central obesity and insulin resistance with high prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in an elderly population with low fat intake and lower than normal prevalence of obesity: the Indian paradox.

Coron Artery Dis. 1998;9(9):559-65.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Bajaj S, Gaoli Z, Shoumin Z.

Current zinc intake and risk of diabetes and coronary artery disease and factors associated with insulin resistance in rural and urban populations of North India.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Dec;17(6):564-70.

Singh RB, Wander GS, Rastogi A, Shukla PK, Mittal A, Sharma JP, Mehrotra SK, Kapoor R, Chopra RK.

Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1998 Sep;12(4):347-53.

Singh RB, Ghosh S, Beegom R, Mehta AS, De AK, Haque M, Dube GK, Wander GS, Kundu S, Roy S, Krishnan A, Simhadri H, Paranjpe NB, Agarwal N, Kalikar RH, Rastogi SS, Thakur AS.

Prevalence and determinants of central obesity and age-specific waist:hip ratio of people in five cities: the Indian Women's Health Study.

J Cardiovasc Risk. 1998 Apr;5(2):73-7.

Singh RB, Bajaj S, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Moshiri M.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of hypertension and coronary artery disease in rural and urban population with low rates of obesity.

Int J Cardiol. 1998 Sep 1;66(1):65-72.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Beegom R, Agarwal P, Nangia S, Moshiri M, Janus ED.

Low fat intake and coronary artery disease in a population with higher prevalence of coronary artery disease: the Indian paradox.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Aug;17(4):342-50.

Singh RB, Rastogi V, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Sy RG, Janus ED.

Serum cholesterol and coronary artery disease in populations with low cholesterol levels: the Indian paradox.

Int J Cardiol. 1998 Jun 1;65(1):81-90.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Thakur AS, Janus ED, Moshiri M.

Social class and coronary artery disease in a urban population of North India in the Indian Lifestyle and Heart Study.

Int J Cardiol. 1998 Apr 1;64(2):195-203.

Singh RB, Beegom R, Rastogi SS, Gaoli Z, Shoumin Z.

Association of low plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins, magnesium and zinc with high body fat per cent measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis in Indian men.

Magnes Res. 1998 Mar;11(1):3-10.

Singh RB, Beegom R, Mehta AS, Niaz MA, De AK, Haque M, Bhattacharyya PR, Dube GK, Pandit RB, Thakur AS, Wander GS, Janus ED, Postiglione A, Moshiri M.

Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension and age-specific blood pressures in five cities: a study of Indian women. NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India. Five City Study Group.

Int J Cardiol. 1998 Jan 31;63(2):165-73.

1997

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Moshiri M, Zheng G, Zhu S.

Magnesium status and risk of coronary artery disease in rural and urban populations with variable magnesium consumption.

Magnes Res. 1997 Sep;10(3):205-13.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Rao PV, Das S, Madhu SV, Das AK, Sahay BK, Fuse SM, Beegom R, Sainani GS, Shah NA.

Diet and lifestyle guidelines and desirable levels of risk factors for the prevention of diabetes and its vascular complications in Indians: a scientific statement of The International College of Nutrition. Indian Consensus Group for the Prevention of Diabetes.

J Cardiovasc Risk. 1997 Jun;4(3):201-8.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Rastogi V, Niaz MA, Madhu SV, Chen M, Shoumin Z.

Blood pressure trends, plasma insulin levels and risk factors in rural and urban elderly populations of north India.

Coron Artery Dis. 1997 Jul;8(7):463-8.

Singh RB, Sharma JP, Rastogi V, Raghuvanshi RS, Moshiri M, Verma SP, Janus ED.

Prevalence of coronary artery disease and coronary risk factors in rural and urban populations of north India.

Eur Heart J. 1997 Nov;18(11):1728-35.

Singh RB, Beegom R, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, Rastogi V, Rastogi SS, Singh NK, Nangia S.

Epidemiological study of hypertension and its determinants in an urban population of North India.

J Hum Hypertens. 1997 Oct;11(10):679-85.

Singh RB, Singh NK, Rastogi SS, Wander GS, Aslam M, Onouchi Z, Kummerow FA, Nangia S.

Antioxidant effects of lovastatin and vitamin E on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits.

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1997 Sep;11(4):575-80.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4.

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1997 Jul;11(3):485-91.

Singh RB, Sharma JP, Rastogi V, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Beegom R, Janus ED.

Social class and coronary disease in rural population of north India. The Indian Social Class and Heart Survey.

Eur Heart J. 1997 Apr;18(4):588-95.

Singh RB.

Coronary artery disease in South Asians.

Indian Heart J. 1997 Mar-Apr;49(2):222-3.

Singh RB, Gupta UC, Mittal N, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Rastogi V.

Epidemiologic study of trace elements and magnesium on risk of coronary artery disease in rural and urban Indian populations.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Feb;16(1):62-7.

Beegom R, Singh RB.

Association of higher saturated fat intake with higher risk of hypertension in an urban population of Trivandrum in south India.

Int J Cardiol. 1997 Jan 3;58(1):63-70.

Singh RB, Sharma JP, Rastogi V, Niaz MA, Singh NK.

Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in the Indian social class and heart survey.

J Hum Hypertens. 1997 Jan;11(1):51-6.

1996

Singh RB.

The Indian puzzle: may be solved by magnesium.

Int J Cardiol. 1996 Dec 13;57(3):297-9.

Singh RB, Rastogi V, Singh R, Niaz MA, Srivastav S, Aslam M, Singh NK, Moshir M, Postiglione A.

Magnesium and antioxidant vitamin status and risk of complications of ageing in an elderly urban population.

Magnes Res. 1996 Dec;9(4):299-306.

Singh RB, Mori H, Chen J, Mendis S, Moshiri M, Zhu S, Kim SH, Sy RG, Faruqui AM.

Recommendations for the prevention of coronary artery disease in Asians: a scientific statement of the International College of Nutrition.

J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996 Dec;3(6):489-94.

Singh RB, Rastogi V, Rastogi SS, Niaz MA, Beegom R.

Effect of diet and moderate exercise on central obesity and associated disturbances, myocardial infarction and mortality in patients with and without coronary artery disease.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1996 Dec;15(6):592-601.

Janus ED, Postiglione A, Singh RB, Lewis B.

The modernization of Asia. Implications for coronary heart disease. Council on Arteriosclerosis of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology.

Circulation. 1996 Dec 1;94(11):2671-3.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Beegom R, Rastogi V, Sharma JP, Dube GK.

Association of trans fatty acids (vegetable ghee) and clarified butter (Indian ghee) intake with higher risk of coronary artery disease in rural and urban populations with low fat consumption.

Int J Cardiol. 1996 Oct 25;56(3):289-98; discussion 299-300.

Singh RB, Rastogi V, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Raghuvanshi R, Moshira M.

Epidemiological study of magnesium status and risk of hypertension in a rural population of north India.

Magnes Res. 1996 Oct;9(3):173-81.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Rastogi V, Raghuvanshi RS, Moshiri M.

Epidemiological study of magnesium status and risk of coronary artery disease in elderly rural and urban populations of north India.

Magnes Res. 1996 Oct;9(3):165-72.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Aslam M.

Responses to acute myocardial stress and prior drug therapy on plasma levels of antioxidants and oxidants and the proposed role of interventions on molecular adaptations.

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Sep 30;793:517-20.

Singh RB, Singh NK, Niaz MA, Sharma JP.

Effect of treatment with magnesium and potassium on mortality and reinfarction rate of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 May;34(5):219-25.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Rastogi S.

Usefulness of antioxidant vitamins in suspected acute myocardial infarction (the Indian experiment of infarct survival-3)

Am J Cardiol. 1996 Feb 1;77(4):232-6.

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

Antioxidants, oxidants and free radical stress in cardiovascular disease.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1996 Jan;44(1):43-8.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, Beegum R, Rastogi SS, Sachan DS.

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnitine in suspected acute myocardial infarction.

Postgrad Med J. 1996 Jan;72(843):45-50.

1995

Singh RB, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, Singh R, Beegum R, Chibo H, Shoumin Z, Postiglione A.

Dietary intake, plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins, and oxidative stress in relation to coronary artery disease in elderly subjects.

Am J Cardiol. 1995 Dec 15;76(17):1233-8.

Singh RB, Niaz AM, Ghosh S, Agarwal P, Ahmad S, Begum R, Onouchi Z, Kummerow FA.

Randomized, controlled trial of antioxidant vitamins and cardioprotective diet on hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and development of experimental atherosclerosis: the diet and antioxidant trial on atherosclerosis (DATA).

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1995 Dec;9(6):763-71.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Beegom R, Chibo H, Agarwal P, Singh R, Srivastav S, Rastogi SS, Postiglione A, et al.

Epidemiological study of coronary artery disease and its risk factors in an elderly urban population of north India.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Dec;14(6):628-34.

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

Coronary risk factors in Indians.

Lancet. 1995 Sep 16;346(8977):778-9.

Singh RB, Naiz MA.

Evaluation of oxidative stress in diabetics.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 Sep;43(9):654.

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

An epidemiological study of coronary heart disease (CHD).

J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 Sep;43(9):653-4.

Beegom R, Beegom R, Niaz MA, Singh RB.

Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of

south India.

Int J Cardiol. 1995 Sep;51(2):183-91.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, Begom R, Rastogi SS.

Effect of antioxidant-rich foods on plasma ascorbic acid, cardiac enzyme, and lipid peroxide levels in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction.

J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jul;95(7):775-80.

Singh RB.

Influence of Mildred Seelig on world nutrition.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Jun;14(3):307-8.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Bishnoi I, Singh U, Begum R, Rastogi SS.

Effect of low energy diet and weight loss on major risk factors, central obesity and associated disturbances in patients with essential hypertension.

J Hum Hypertens. 1995 May;9(5):355-62.

Singh RB, Ghosh S, Niaz AM, Gupta S, Bishnoi I, Sharma JP, Agarwal P, Rastogi SS, Beegum R, Chibo H, et al.

Epidemiologic study of diet and coronary risk factors in relation to central obesity and insulin levels in rural and urban populations of north India.

Int J Cardiol. 1995 Jan 6;47(3):245-55.

Begom R, Singh RB.

Prevalence of coronary artery disease and its risk factors in the urban population of South and North India.

Acta Cardiol. 1995;50(3):227-40.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, Beegum R, Rastogi SS, Singh NK.

Epidemiologic study of central obesity, insulin resistance and associated disturbances in the urban population of North India.

Acta Cardiol. 1995;50(3):215-25.

1994

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S.

Effect on central obesity and associated disturbances of low-energy, fruit- and vegetable-enriched prudent diet in north Indians.

Postgrad Med J. 1994 Dec;70(830):895-900.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Commiphora mukul as an adjunct to dietary therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Aug;8(4):659-64.

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

Prevention of coronary heart disease in Indians.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 Jul;42(7):545-8.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Ghosh S, Niaz MA.

Dietary and serum magnesium levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease and noncardiac diagnoses.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Apr;13(2):139-43.

Singh RB, Ahmad S, Niaz MA.

Research in nutrition.

Natl Med J India. 1994 Jan-Feb;7(1):50.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Bishnoi I, Sharma JP, Gupta S, Rastogi SS, Singh R, Begum R, Chibo H, Shoumin Z.

Diet, antioxidant vitamins, oxidative stress and risk of coronary artery disease: the Peerzada Prospective Study.

Acta Cardiol. 1994;49(5):453-67.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Bishnoi I, Begom R.

Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins and oxidative stress in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Acta Cardiol. 1994;49(5):441-52.

1993

Singh RB, Singh NK, Rastogi SS, Mani UV, Niaz MA.

Effects of diet and lifestyle changes on atherosclerotic risk factors after 24 weeks on the Indian Diet Heart Study.

Am J Cardiol. 1993 Jun 1;71(15):1283-8.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Singh R, Rastogi SS.

Effect on mortality and reinfarction of adding fruits and vegetables to a prudent diet in the Indian experiment of infarct survival (IEIS).

J Am Coll Nutr. 1993 Jun;12(3):255-61.

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

Coronary heart disease in Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis: aetiology and possible prevention.

Br Heart J. 1993 Jun;69(6):572.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Bolaki L, Niaz MA, Ghosh S.

Discovery of a new diet for patients with acute myocardial infarction: an Indian experiment on infarct survival.

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Mar 15;676:348-51.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Singh NK, Ghosh S, Gupta S, Niaz MA.

Can guava fruit intake decrease blood pressure and blood lipids?

J Hum Hypertens. 1993 Feb;7(1):33-8.

Singh RB.

Can dietary magnesium supplementation decrease coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death?

Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 1993;88:474-90.

1992

Singh RB, Mori H.

Risk factors for coronary heart disease: synthesis of a new hypothesis through adaptation.

Med Hypotheses. 1992 Dec;39(4):334-41.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Singh R, Ghosh S, Niaz MA.

Effects of guava intake on serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on systemic blood pressure.

Am J Cardiol. 1992 Nov 15;70(15):1287-91.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Singh R, Gupta S.

Effect of fat-modified and fruit- and vegetable-enriched diets on blood lipids in the Indian Diet Heart Study.

Am J Cardiol. 1992 Oct 1;70(9):869-74.

Singh RB, Niaz MA.

Diets that protect against coronary heart disease.

BMJ. 1992 Aug 22;305(6851):473.

Singh RB, Sharma VK, Gupta RK, Singh R.

Nutritional modulators of lipoprotein metabolism in patients with risk factors for coronary heart disease: diet and moderate exercise trial.

J Am Coll Nutr. 1992 Aug;11(4):391-8.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Laxmi B, Singh R, Ghosh S, Niaz MA.

Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction: results of one year follow up.

BMJ. 1992 Apr 18;304(6833):1015-9.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Bolaki L, Singh R.

An Indian experiment with nutritional modulation in acute myocardial infarction.

Am J Cardiol. 1992 Apr 1;69(9):879-85.

Singh RB, Ghosh S, Singh R.

Effects on serum lipids of adding fruits and vegetables to prudent diet in the Indian Experiment of Infarct Survival (IEIS).

Cardiology. 1992;80(3-4):283-93.

Singh RB, Sircar AR, Singh RG, Mani UV, Seth J, Devi L.

Dietary modulators of lipid metabolism in the Indian diet-heart study(I.D.H.S.).

Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1992;62(1):73-82.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, Singh NK.

The diet and moderate exercise trial (DAMET): results after 24 weeks.

Acta Cardiol. 1992;47(6):543-57.

Singh RB, Mori H.

Can nutritional factors enhance hyperinsulinemia leading to coronary heart disease?

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1991 Dec;5(6):1045-6.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Mani UV, Seth J, Devi L.

Does dietary magnesium modulate blood lipids?

Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991 Jul;30(1):59-64.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Sircar AR, Mehta PJ, Sharma KK.

Dietary strategies for risk-factor modification to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Nutrition 1991 May-Jun;7(3):210-4.

Singh RB, Verma R, Mehta PJ, Rastogi SS.

The effect of diet and aspirin on patient outcome after myocardial infarction.

Nutrition. 1991 Mar-Apr;7(2):125-9.

Singh RB.

Nonpharmacologic measures for lowering blood pressure.

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1991 Feb;5(1):157-8.

Singh RB, Singh RG, Singh U.

Hypermagnesemia following aluminum phosphide poisoning.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1991 Feb;29(2):82-5.

1990

Singh RB, Singh RG, Gupta RK.

Effect of calcium and calcium blockers in hypertension.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990 Nov;28(11):475-9.

Singh RB.

Diet, diabetes and atherosclerosis.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 Aug;38(8):606-8.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Mehta PJ, Mody R, Garg V.

Effect of diet and weight reduction in hypertension.

Nutrition. 1990 Jul-Aug;6(4):297-302.

Singh RB, Sircar AR, Rastogi SS, Singh R.

Dietary modulators of blood pressure in hypertension.

Eur J Clin Nutr. 1990 Apr;44(4):319-27.

Singh RB.

Calcium and blood pressure.

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1990 Feb;4(1):301.

Singh RB.

Effect of dietary magnesium supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death.

Magnes Trace Elem. 1990;9(3):143-51.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Singh DS, Mehta PJ.

Effect of obesity and weight reduction in hypertension.

Acta Cardiol. 1990;45(1):45-56.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Sharma VK, Saharia RB, Kulshretha SK.

Can dietary magnesium modulate lipoprotein metabolism?

Magnes Trace Elem. 1990;9(5):255-64.

Singh RB, Saharia RB, Sharma VK.

Can aluminium phosphide poisoning cause hypermagnesaemia? A study of 121 patients.

Magnes Trace Elem. 1990;9(4):212-8.

Singh RB, Sircar AR, Rastogi SS, Garg V.

Magnesium and potassium administration in acute myocardial infarction.

Magnes Trace Elem. 1990;9(4):198-204.

1989

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Singh DS.

Cardiovascular manifestations of aluminium phosphide intoxication.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1989 Sep;37(9):590-2.

Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Mehta PJ, Cameron EA.

Magnesium metabolism in essential hypertension.

Acta Cardiol. 1989;44(4):313-22.

1987

Singh RB.

Is verapamil a better magnesium agonist rather than a calcium antagonist? A hypothesis?

Med Hypotheses. 1987 Sep;24(1):1-9.

Singh RB, Singh NK, Mody R, Cameron EA.

Does sodium play an adverse role in hypertension?

Acta Cardiol. 1987;42(3):187-206.

Singh RB, Singh NK.

Potassium metabolism and therapy in hypertension.

Acta Cardiol. 1987;42(2):103-13.

Singh RB, Singh NK, Mehta PJ, Rastogi SS.

Does calcium aggravate and cause hypertension?

Acta Cardiol. 1987;42(6):445-67.

1986

Singh RB.

Trace minerals and magnesium in atherosclerosis and hypertension.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1986 Jun;34(6):457-8.

Singh RB.

The calcium paradox and the blood pressure.

Indian Heart J. 1986 May-Jun;38(3):237-40.

Singh RB.

The diet-heart question in 1985?

J Assoc Physicians India. 1986 Apr;34(4):303.

1985

Singh RB, Cameron EA.

Trace minerals and magnesium in athrosclerosis and hypertension.

J Assoc Physicians India. 1985 Jun;33(6):411-4.

Singh RB.

Withering and the foxglove.

Indian Heart J 1985 Mar-Apr; 37(2):135-7.

Singh RB.

The foxglove 1785-1985.

Acta Cardiol 1985; 40(4):357-63.