Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review

Risks and benefits of omega3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review

Appendix Additional information, references to included RCTs and cohorts. References are provided as studies (may be more than one paper published for each study).

[Posted as supplied by the authors]

References to included RCTs

(organised by trial)

W1 Almallah 1998 {published and unpublished data}

• Almallah YZ, Ewen SW, El Tahir A, Mowat NA, Brunt PW, Sinclair TS, Heys SD, Eremin O. Distal proctocolitis and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs): the mucosal effect in situ. Journal of Clinical Immunology 2000;20(1):68-76.
• Almallah YZ, Ewen SW, Mowat NA, Brunt PW, Sinclair TS, Heys SD, Eremin O. Immunohistological modulation after nutritional supplementation with omega-3 essential fatty acids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [abstract]. Br J Surg 1998;85:690-691.
• Almallah YZ, O'Hanrahan T, Richardson S, Mowat NA, Brunt PW, Sinclair TS, Heys SD, Eremin O. Inhibition of natural cytotoxicity with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids: possible mechanisms [abstract]. British Journal of Surgery 1996;83:685.
• Almallah YZ, O'Hanrahan T, Richardson S, Mowat NA, Brunt PW, Sinclair TS, Heys SD, Eremin O. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenic acid in the treatment of patients with distal procto-colitis [abstract]. British Journal of Surgery 1996;83 Suppl 1:2-.
• Almallah YZ, Richardson S, O'Hanrahan T, Mowat NA, Brunt PW, Sinclair TS, Ewen S, Heys SD, Eremin O. Distal procto-colitis, natural cytotoxicity, and essential fatty acids. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(5):804-809.

W2 Bairati 1992 {published and unpublished data}

• Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fish oil supplements in prevention of recurrence of stenosis after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1992;85(3):950-956.
• Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Effects of a fish oil supplement on blood pressure and serum lipids in patients treated for coronary artery disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1992;8(1):41-46.
• Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Measurement errors in standard visual analysis of coronary angiograms: consequences on clinical trials. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1993;9(3):225-230.
• Meyer F, Bairati I, Roy L. Preventing restenosis after angioplasty with fish oil supplements. Cardiology Board Review 1993;10(1):16+23-16+25.
• Roy L, Bairati I, Meyer F, et al. Double blind randomised controlled trial of fish oil supplements in the prevention of restenoses after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1991;84 (supplement II):365.

W3 Bellamy 1992 {published data only}

• Bellamy CM, Schofield PM, Faragher EB, Ramsdale DR. Can supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce coronary angioplasty restenosis rate? Eur Heart J 1992;13(12):1626-1631.

W4 Belluzzi 1996 {published and unpublished data}

• Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, Pera A, Boschi S, Miglioli M. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 13-6-1996;334(24):1557-1560.

W5 Bemelmans 2002 {unpublished data sought but not used}

• Bemelmans WJ, Broer J, de Vries JH, Hulshof KF, May JF, Meyboom-De Jong B. Impact of Mediterranean diet education versus posted leaflet on dietary habits and serum cholesterol in a high risk population for cardiovascular disease. Public Health Nutrition 2000;3(3):273-283.
• Bemelmans WJ, Broer J, Feskens EJ, Smit AJ, Muskiet AJ, Lefrandt JD, Bom VJ, May JF, Meyboom-De Jong B. Effect of an increased intake of alpha-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean alpha-linolenic enriched Groningen dietary intervention (MARGARIN) study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75:221-227.

W6 Bonnema 1995 {published and unpublished data}

• Bonnema SJ, Jespersen LT, Marving J, Gregersen G. Supplementation with olive oil rather than fish oil increases small arterial compliance in diabetic patients. Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 1995;8:81-87.

W7 Borchgrevink 1966 {published and unpublished data}

• Borchgrevink CF, Berg KJ, Skaga E, Skjaeggestad O, Stormorken H. Effect of Linseed oil on platelet adhesiveness and bleeding time in patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1965;ii:980-982.
• Borchgrevink CF, Skaga E, Berg KJ, Skjaeggestad O. Absence of prophylactic effect of linolenic acid in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet 1966;2(456):187-189.

W8 Brox 2001 {published and unpublished data}

• Brox J, Olaussen K, Osterud B, Elvevoll EO, Bjornstad E, Brattebog G, Iversen H. A long-term seal- and cod-liver-oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids 2001;36(1):7-13.

W9 Burr (DART) 1989 {published and unpublished data}

• Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, Deadman NM. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2(8666):757-761.
• Burr ML, Fehily AM, Rogers S, Welsby E, King S, Sandham S. Diet and reinfarction trial (DART): design, recruitment, and compliance. Eur Heart J 1989;10(6):558-567.
• Burr ML, Fehily AM. Fatty fish and heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. World Rev Nutr Diet 1991;66:306-312.
• Burr ML, Fehily AM. Fish and the heart [letter]. Lancet 1989;ii:1451-1452.
• Burr ML, Holliday RM, Fehily AM, Whitehead PJ. Haematological prognostic indices after myocardial infarction: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Eur Heart J 1992;13(2):166-170.
• Burr ML, Sweetham PM, Fehily AM. Diet and reinfarction [letter]. Eur Heart J 1994;15(8):1152-1153.
• Fehily AM, Vaughan-Williams E, Shiels K, Williams AH, Horner M, Bingham G, Burr ML, Holliday RM. The effect of dietary advice on nutrient intakes: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics 1989;2(4235).
• Fehily AM, Vaughan-Williams E, Shiels K, Williams AH, Horner M, Bingham G, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, Burr ML. Factors influencing compliance with dietary advice: the Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART). Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1991;4:33-42.
• Ness AR, Hughes J, Elwood PC, Whitley E, Smith GD, Burr ML. The long-term effect of dietary advice in men with coronary disease: follow-up of the Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;56(6):512-518.
• Ness AR, Whitley E, Burr ML, Elwood PC, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. The long-term effect of advice to eat more fish on blood pressure in men with coronary disease: results from the diet and reinfarction trial. Journal of Human Hypertension 1999;13(11):729-733.

W10 Burr 2003 {published and unpublished data}

• Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PA, Dunstan FD, Fehily AM, Breay P, Ashton T, Zotos PC, Haboubi NA, Elwood PC. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;57(2):193-200.
• Ness AR, Ashfield-Watt PAL, Whiting JM, Smith GD, Hughes J, Burr ML. The long-term effect of dietary advice on the diet of men with angina: the diet and angina randomized trial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2004;17:1-3.
• Ness AR, Gallacher JE, Bennett PD, Gunnell DJ, Rogers PJ, Kessler D, Burr ML. Advice to eat fish and mood: a randomised controlled trial in men with angina. Nutr Neurosci 2003;6(1):63-65.

W11 Connor 1993 {published and unpublished data}

• Connor WE, Prince MJ, Ullmann D, Riddle M, Hatcher L, Smith FE, Wilson D. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;683:337-340.
• Ullmann D, Prince MJ, Riddle M, Connor WE, Smith F, Wilson D. The effects of dietary fish oil versus olive oil in diabetic patients [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:881A.

W12 Dehmer 1998 {published and unpublished data}

• Dehmer GJ, Popma JJ, van den Berg MD, Eichhorn EJ, Prewitt JB, Campbell WB, Jennings L, Willerson JT, Schmitz JM. Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. N Engl J Med 22-9-1988;319(12):733-740.

W13 Dry 1991 {published and unpublished data}

• Dry J, Vincent D. Effect of a fish oil diet on asthma: results of a 1-year double-blind study. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1991;95(2-3):156-157.

W14 Eritsland 1996 {published and unpublished data}

• Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Berg K, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M. Serum Lp(a) lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery disease and the influence of long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995;55(4):295-300.
• Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Gronseth K, Fjeld NB, Abdelnoor M. Effect of supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on graft patency in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass operation. Results from SHOT study [abstract]. Eur Heart J 1994;15:29.
• Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Gronseth K, Fjeld NB, Abdelnoor M. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on coronary artery bypass graft patency. Am J Cardiol 1996;77(1):31-36.
• Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(4):831-836.
• Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Kierulf P. Long-term effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostatic variables and bleeding episodes in patients with coronary artery disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1995;6(1):17-22.
• Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Torjesen PA. Long-term effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and glycaemic control. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994;54(4):273-280.
• Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H. Long-term influence of omega-3 fatty acids on fibrinolysis, fibrinogen, and serum lipids. Fibrinolysis 1994;8(2):120-125.
• Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Abdelnoor M. Long-term effects of fish oil supplementation in patients with coronary artery disease: influence on lipoproteins, coagulation and fibrinolysis [abstract]. Thrombosis Research 1992;65:75.
• Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Abdelnoor M. Long-term influence of omega-3 fatty acids on fibrinolysis, fibrinogen, and serum lipids [abstract]. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1993;69:1065.
• Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Westvik AB, Kierulf P. Effect of long-term, moderate-dose supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on monocyte procoagulant activity and release of interleukin-6 in patients with coronary artery disease. Thromb Res 1995;77(4):337-346.

W15 Franzen 1993 {published and unpublished data}

• Franzen D, Geisel J, Hopp HW, Oette K, Hilger HH. Langzeiteffekte von niedrigdosiertem fischol auf serumlipide und lipoproteine [Long-term effects of low dosage fish oil on serum lipids and lipoproteins]. Med Klin 1993;88(3):134-138.
• Franzen D. Unknown. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 1993;28:301-310.
• Geusens P, Wouters C, Nijs J, Jiang Y, Dequeker J. Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(6):824-829.
• Franzosi MG, Brunetti M, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Tognoni G, Valagussa F, GISSI-Prevenzione I. Cost-effectiveness analysis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) after myocardial infarction: results from Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto (GISSI)-Prevenzione Trial. Pharmacoeconomics 2001;19(4):411-420.
• GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999;354:447-455.
• Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio DDMR, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Levantesi G, Maggioni AP, Mantini L, Marfisi RM, Mastrogiussepe G, Minnini N, Nicolosi GL, Santini M, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Tucci C, Valagussa F. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105:1897-1903.
• Marchioli R, Di Pasquale A. [The biochemical, pharmacological and epidemiological reference picture of the GISSI-Prevention. The Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico]. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia 1993;23(9):933-964.
• Marchioli R, Valagussa F. The results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial in the general framework of secondary prevention. European Heart Journal 2000;21(12):949-952.
• Marchioli R. Treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-Prevenzione Trial. European Heart Journal Supplements 2001;3(Supplement D):D85-D97.
• Greenfield SM, Green AT, Teare JP, Jenkins AP, Punchard NA, Ainley CC, Thompson RP. A randomized controlled study of evening primrose oil and fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7(2):159-166.
• Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, Belluzzi A, Everitt SJ, Holmes GK, Malkinson C, Shaheen MZ, Willars JE. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut 1992;33(7):922-928.
• Johansen O, Brekke M, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H. N-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1999;33(6):1619-1626.
• Johansen O, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT, Arnesen H. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on soluble markers of endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology 1999;19(7):1681-1686.
• Seljeflot I, Johansen O, Arnesen H, Eggesbo JB, Westvik AB, Kierulf P. Procoagulant activity and cytokine expression in whole blood cultures from patients with atherosclerosis supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 1999;81(4):566-570.
• Blok WL, Deslypere JP, Demacker PM, van-der-Ven JJ, Hectors MC, Van-Der MJ, Katan MB. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997;27(12):1003-1008.
• Deslypere JP. Influence of supplementation with N-3 fatty acids on different coronary risk factors in men--a placebo controlled study. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 1992;54(3):189-216.
• Katan MB, Deslypere JP, van BA, Penders M, Zegwaard M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997;38(10):2012-2022.
• Kaul U, Sanghvi S, Bahl VK, Dev V, Wasir HS. Fish oil supplements for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 1992;35(1):87-93.
• Lau CS, McMahon H, Morley KD, Belch JJF. Effects of Maxepa on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug useage in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Br J Rheumatol 1991;30:137-.
• Lau CS, Morley KD, Belch JJ. Effects of fish oil supplementation on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug requirement in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis--a double-blind placebo controlled study. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32(11):982-989.
• Lau CS, McLaren M, Belch JJ. Effects of fish oil on plasma fibrinolysis in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995;13(1):87-90.
• Leaf A, Jorgensen MB, Jacobs AK, Cote G, Schoenfeld DA, Scheer J, Weiner BH, Slack JD, Kellett MA, Raizner AE, et al. Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation 1994;90(5):2248-2257.
• Mehta VY, Jorgensen MB, Raizner AE, Wolde TG, Mahrer PR, Mansukhani P. Spontaneous regression of restenosis: an angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26(3):696-702.
• Loeschke K, Ueberschaer B, Pietsch A, Gruber E, Ewe K, Wiebecke B, Heldwein W, Lorenz R. n-3 fatty acids only delay early relapse of ulcerative colitis in remission. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41(10):2087-2094.
• Lorenz-Meyer H, Bauer P, Nicolay C, Schulz B, Purrmann J, Fleig WE, Scheurlen C, Koop I, Pudel V, Carr L. Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Study Group Members (German Crohn's Disease Study Group). Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1996;31(8):778-785.
• Malaguarnera M, Restuccia N, Di Fazio I, Panebianco MP, Gulizin G, Giugno I. Fish oil treatment of interferon-alpha-induced dyslipidaemia: Study in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Biodrugs 1999;11(4):285-291.
• Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E, Marzilli M, Galli C, Heiman F, Lavezzari M, Stragliotto E, De Caterina R. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: main results of the Esapent for prevention of restenosis Italian study (ESPRIT). American Heart Journal 2002;143(6):1-10.
• Mate J, Castanos R, Garcia-Semaniego J, Pajares JM. Does dietary fish oil maintain the remission of crohn's disease: a study case control [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1991;100 (abstract):A228.
• Milner MR, Gallino RA, Leffingwell A, Pichard AD, Rosenberg J, Lindsay J. High dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces clinical restenosis after coronary angioplasty [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78:II634.
• Milner MR, Gallino RA, Leffingwell A, Pichard AD, Brooks RS, Rosenberg J, Little T, Lindsay J. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1989;64(5):294-299.
• Natvig H, Borchgrevink CF, Dedichen J, Owren PA, Schiotz EH, Westlund K. A controlled trial of the effect of linolenic acid on incidence of coronary heart disease. The Norwegian vegetable oil experiment of 1965-66. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation - Supplement 1968;105:1-20.
• Nilsen DW, Albrektsen G, Landmark K, Moen S, Aarsland T, Woie L. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;74(1):50-56.
• Ilsey CDJ, Nye ER, Sutherland W, Ram J, Ablett MB. Randomised placebo controlled trial of MAXEPA and aspirin/persantin after successful coronary angioplasty [abstract]. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1987;17:559.
• Nye ER, Ablett MB, Robertson MC, Ilsley CD, Sutherland WH. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on restenosis rate, clinical course and blood lipids in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Aust N Z J Med 1990;20(4):549-552.
• Reis GJ, Boucher TM, McCabe CH. Results of a randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after PTCA [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78 (supplement 2):291.
• Reis GJ, Boucher TM, Sipperley ME, McCabe CH, Silverman DI, Pasternak RC. Fish oil supplements raise LDL cholesterol: results of a blinded, placebo-controlled trial in patients with coronary disease [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78:II385.
• Reis GJ, Boucher TM, Sipperly ME, Silverman DI, McCabe CH, Baim DS, Sacks FM, Grossman W, Pasternak RC. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet 1989;2(8656):177-181.
• Reis GJ, Kuntz RE, Silverman DI, Pasternak RC. Effects of serum lipid levels on restenosis after coronary angioplasty. American Journal of Cardiology 1991;68(15):1431-1435.
• Reis GJ, Silverman DI, Boucher TM, Sipperly ME, Horowitz GL, Sacks FM, Pasternak RC. Effects of two types of fish oil supplements on serum lipids and plasma phospholipid fatty acids in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990;66(17):1171-1175.
• Sipperly ME, Reis GJ, Boucher TM, Pasternak RC. Predictors of patient compliance in a placebo-controlled trial of fish oil [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78:II614.
• Myrup B, Rossing P, Jensen T, Parving H-H, Holmer G, Gram J, Kluft C, Jespersen J. Lack of effect of fish oil supplementation on coagulation and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation 2001;61(5):349-356.
• Rossing P, Hansen BV, Nielsen FS, Myrup B, Holmer G, Parving HH. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1214-1219.
• Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, Silverman DI, Rosner B, Pasternak RC. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25(7):1492-1498.
• He J, Klag MJ, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Whelton PK. Seven-year incidence of hypertension in a cohort of middle-aged African Americans and whites. Hypertension 1998;31(5):1130-1135.
• Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Kiss JE, Sacks FM. Coagulation parameters among healthy adults taking fish oil versus placebo [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:916A.
• Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, Borhani NO, Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Cutler JA, Kirchner KA, Kuller LH, Roth KJ, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. The effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens Suppl 1994;12(7):S23-S31.
• Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, Borhani NO, Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Cutler JA, Kirchner KA, Kuller LH, Roth KJ, et a. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12(2):209-213.
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• Selvais PL, Ketelslegers JM, Buysschaert M, Hermans MP. Plasma endothelin-1 immunoreactivity is increased following long-term dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in microalbuminuric IDDM patients [letter]. Diabetologia 1995;38:253-253.
• Shimizu H, Ohtani K, Tanaka Y, Sato N, Mori M, Shimomura Y. Long-term effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl (EPA-E) on albuminuria of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28(1):35-40.
• Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11(3):485-491.
• Maffettone A. Long-term effects (six months) of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglycaeridemia. G Ital Diabetol 1996;16(4):185-193.
• Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C, Marino LD, Annuzzi G, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1999;146(2):361-367.
• Rivellese AA, Maffettone A, Iovine C, Di ML, Annuzzi G, Mancini M, Riccardi G. Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1207-1213.
• Sirtori CR, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, Mancini M, Rivellese A, Paoletti R, Pazzucconi F, Pamparana F, Stragliotto E. One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations. Atherosclerosis 1998;137(2):419-427.
• Sirtori CR, Paoletti R, Mancini M, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, Rivellese A, Pamparana F, Stragliotto E. N-3 fatty acids do not lead to an increased diabetic risk in patients with hyperlipidemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. Italian Fish Oil Multicenter Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65:1874-1881.
• Skoldstam L, Borjesson O, Kjallman A, Seiving B, Akesson B. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol 1992;21(4):178-185.
• Terano T, Fujishiro S, Ban T, Yamamoto K, Tanaka T, Noguchi Y, Tamura Y, Yazawa K, Hirayama T. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves the moderately severe dementia from thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases. Lipids 1999;34:S345-S346.
• Thien FC, Mencia HJ, Lee TH. Dietary fish oil effects on seasonal hay fever and asthma in pollen-sensitive subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147(5):1138-1143.
• Veale DJ, Torley HI, Richards IM, O'Dowd A, Fitzsimons C, Belch JJ, Sturrock RD. A double-blind placebo controlled trial of Efamol Marine on skin and joint symptoms of psoriatic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33(10):954-958.
• von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W, Theisen K, Mudra H. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(7):554-562.
• Oomen CM, Feskens EJ, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen AM, Menotti A, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(10):999-1006.
• Oomen CM, Feskens EJ, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen AM, Menotti A, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(10):999-1006.
• Oomen CM, Feskens EJ, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen AM, Menotti A, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(10):999-1006.
• Kyle DJ, Schaefer E, Patton G, Beiser A. Low serum docosahexaenoic acid is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's dementia. Lipids 1999;34(6 suppl):S245.
• Zheng ZJ, Folsom AR, Ma J, Arnett DK, McGovern PG, Eckfeldt JH. Plasma fatty acid composition and 6-year incidence of hypertension in middle-aged adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;150(5):492-500.
• Pietinen P, Ascherio A, Korhonen P, Hartman AM, Willett WC, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997;145(10):876-887.
• Tornwall ME, Virtamo J, Haukka JK, Aro A, Albanes D, Huttunen JK. Prospective study of diet, lifestyle, and intermittent claudication in male smokers. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(9):892-901.
• Erkkila AT, Lehto S, Pyorala K, Uusitupa MIJ. n-3 fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:65-71.
• Miettinen TA, Naukkarinen V, Huttunen JK, Mattila S, Kumlin T. Fatty-acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed 1982;. 285(6347):993-996.
• Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC. Dietary intake of marine n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary disease among men. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332(15):977-982.
• Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Chute CC, Willett WC. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993;85(19):1571-1579.
• He K, Rimm EB, Merchant A, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willet WC, Ascherio A. Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men. JAMA 2002;288(24):3130-3136.
• Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR, Jr., Folsom AR. Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women. Diabetes Care 2001;24(9):1528-1535.
• Harvei S, Bjerve KS, Tretli S, Jellum E, Robsahm TE, Vatten L. Prediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. International Journal of Cancer 1997;71(4):545-551.
• Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Lakka TA, Salonen JT. Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events: the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. Circulation 2000;102(22):2677-2679.
• Kingsbury KJ, Brett C, Stovold R, Chapman A, Anderson J, Morgan DM. Abnormal fatty acid composition and human atherosclerosis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1974;50(585):425-440.
• Maclure M, Travis LB, Willett W, MacMahon B. A prospective cohort study of nutrient intake and age at menarche. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;54(4):649-656.
• Dolecek TA, Granditis G. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics 1991;66:205-216.
• Dolecek TA. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200:177-182.
• Holmes MD, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Hankinson SE, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Willett WC. Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1999;281(10):914-920.
• Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Wolk A, Colditz GA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(5):890-897.
• Hu FB, Bronner L, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Hunter D, Manson JE. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 2002;287(14):1815-1821.
• Hu FB, Cho E, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Manson JE. Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women. Circulation 2003;107(14):1852-1857.
• Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 2001;285(3):304-312.
• Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B, Speizer FE. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1995;151(5):1401-1408.
• Zhang SM, Willett WC, Hernan MA, Olek MJ, Ascherio A. Dietary fat in relation to risk of multiple sclerosis among two large cohorts of women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;152:1056-1064.
• Cho E, Hung S, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;73(2):209-218.
• Egeland GM, Meyer HE, Selmer R, Tverdal A, Vollset SE. Cod liver oil consumption, smoking, and coronary heart disease mortality: three counties, Norway. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2001;60(2):143-149.
• Schuurman AG, van den Brandt PA, Dorant E, Brants HA, Goldbohm RA. Association of energy and fat intake with prostate carcinoma risk: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer 1999;86(6):1019-1027.
• Veierod MB, Thelle DS, Laake P. Diet and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective study of 50,757 Norwegian men and women. International Journal of Cancer 1997;71(4):600-604.
• Veierod MB, Laake P, Thelle DS. Dietary fat intake and risk of lung cancer: A prospective study of 51,452 Norwegian men and women. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1997;6(6):540-549.
• Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutrition & Cancer 1997;28(3):276-281.
• Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell CJ, Ajani UA, Carey VJ, Willett WC, Ruskin JN, Manson JE. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998;279(1):23-28.
• Albert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Ma J. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med 2002;346(15):1113-1118.
• Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Sacks FM, Grodstein F, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ. Prospective study of plasma fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1994;86(4):281-286.
• Guallar E, Hennekens CH, Sacks FM, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1995;25(2):387-394.
• Morris MC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Buring JE, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. Fish consumption and cardiovascular disease in the physicians' health study: A prospective study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;142(2):166-175.
• Yuan JM, Ross RK, Gao YT, Yu MC. Fish and shellfish consumption in relation to death from myocardial infarction among men in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Epidemiology 2001;154(9):809-816.
• Terry P, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A. No association between fat and fatty acids intake and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2001;10(8):913-914.
• Chajes V, Hulten K, Van Kappel AL, Winkvist A, Kaaks R, Hallmans G, Lenner PG, Riboli E. Fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids and risk of breast cancer: A prospective cohort study in northern Sweden. Lipids 1999;34(6 SUPPL.):S113.
• Vessby B, Aro A, Skarfors E, Berglund L, Salminen I, Lithell H. The risk to develop NIDDM is related to the fatty acid composition of the serum cholesterol esters. Diabetes 1994;43(11):1353-1357.
• Miedema I, Feskens EJM, Heederik D, Kromhout D. Dietary determinants of long-term incidence of chronic nonspecific lung diseases: The Zutphen study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1993;138(1):37-45.
• Kalmijn S, Feskens EJM, Launer LJ, Kromhout D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and cognitive function in very old men. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145(1):33-41.
• Oomen CM, Ocke MC, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. alpha-Linolenic acid intake is not beneficially associated with 10-y risk of coronary artery disease incidence: the Zutphen Elderly Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;74(4):457-463.

W16 Geusens 1994 {published data only}

• Geusens P, Wouters C, Nijs J, Jiang Y, Dequeker J. Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(6):824-829.

W17 GISSI-P 1999 {published data only}

• Franzosi MG, Brunetti M, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Tognoni G, Valagussa F, GISSI-Prevenzione I. Cost-effectiveness analysis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) after myocardial infarction: results from Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto (GISSI)-Prevenzione Trial. Pharmacoeconomics 2001;19(4):411-420.
• GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999;354:447-455.
• Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio DDMR, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Levantesi G, Maggioni AP, Mantini L, Marfisi RM, Mastrogiussepe G, Minnini N, Nicolosi GL, Santini M, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Tucci C, Valagussa F. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105:1897-1903.
• Marchioli R, Di Pasquale A. [The biochemical, pharmacological and epidemiological reference picture of the GISSI-Prevention. The Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico]. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia 1993;23(9):933-964.
• Marchioli R, Valagussa F. The results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial in the general framework of secondary prevention. European Heart Journal 2000;21(12):949-952.
• Marchioli R. Treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-Prevenzione Trial. European Heart Journal Supplements 2001;3(Supplement D):D85-D97.

W18 Greenfield 1993 {published and unpublished data}

• Greenfield SM, Green AT, Teare JP, Jenkins AP, Punchard NA, Ainley CC, Thompson RP. A randomized controlled study of evening primrose oil and fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7(2):159-166.

W19 Hawthorne 1992 {published and unpublished data}

• Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, Belluzzi A, Everitt SJ, Holmes GK, Malkinson C, Shaheen MZ, Willars JE. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut 1992;33(7):922-928.

W20 Johansen 1999 {published data only}

• Johansen O, Brekke M, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H. N-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1999;33(6):1619-1626.
• Johansen O, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT, Arnesen H. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on soluble markers of endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology 1999;19(7):1681-1686.
• Seljeflot I, Johansen O, Arnesen H, Eggesbo JB, Westvik AB, Kierulf P. Procoagulant activity and cytokine expression in whole blood cultures from patients with atherosclerosis supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 1999;81(4):566-570.

W21 Katan 1997 {published and unpublished data}

• Blok WL, Deslypere JP, Demacker PM, van-der-Ven JJ, Hectors MC, Van-Der MJ, Katan MB. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997;27(12):1003-1008.
• Deslypere JP. Influence of supplementation with N-3 fatty acids on different coronary risk factors in men--a placebo controlled study. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 1992;54(3):189-216.
• Katan MB, Deslypere JP, van BA, Penders M, Zegwaard M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997;38(10):2012-2022.

W22 Kaul 1992 {published and unpublished data}

• Kaul U, Sanghvi S, Bahl VK, Dev V, Wasir HS. Fish oil supplements for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 1992;35(1):87-93.

W23 Lau 1993 {published and unpublished data}

• Lau CS, McMahon H, Morley KD, Belch JJF. Effects of Maxepa on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug useage in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Br J Rheumatol 1991;30:137-.
• Lau CS, Morley KD, Belch JJ. Effects of fish oil supplementation on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug requirement in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis--a double-blind placebo controlled study. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32(11):982-989.

W24 Lau 1995 {published and unpublished data}

• Lau CS, McLaren M, Belch JJ. Effects of fish oil on plasma fibrinolysis in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995;13(1):87-90.

W25 Leaf 1994 {published data only}

• Leaf A, Jorgensen MB, Jacobs AK, Cote G, Schoenfeld DA, Scheer J, Weiner BH, Slack JD, Kellett MA, Raizner AE, et al. Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation 1994;90(5):2248-2257.
• Mehta VY, Jorgensen MB, Raizner AE, Wolde TG, Mahrer PR, Mansukhani P. Spontaneous regression of restenosis: an angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26(3):696-702.

W26 Loeschke 1996 {published and unpublished data}

• Loeschke K, Ueberschaer B, Pietsch A, Gruber E, Ewe K, Wiebecke B, Heldwein W, Lorenz R. n-3 fatty acids only delay early relapse of ulcerative colitis in remission. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41(10):2087-2094.

W27 Lorenz-Meyer 1996 {published and unpublished data}

• Lorenz-Meyer H, Bauer P, Nicolay C, Schulz B, Purrmann J, Fleig WE, Scheurlen C, Koop I, Pudel V, Carr L. Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Study Group Members (German Crohn's Disease Study Group). Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1996;31(8):778-785.

W28 Malaguarnera 1999 {published data only}

• Malaguarnera M, Restuccia N, Di Fazio I, Panebianco MP, Gulizin G, Giugno I. Fish oil treatment of interferon-alpha-induced dyslipidaemia: Study in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Biodrugs 1999;11(4):285-291.

W29 Maresta 2002 {published and unpublished data}

• Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E, Marzilli M, Galli C, Heiman F, Lavezzari M, Stragliotto E, De Caterina R. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: main results of the Esapent for prevention of restenosis Italian study (ESPRIT). American Heart Journal 2002;143(6):1-10.

W30 Mate-Jimenez 1991 {published and unpublished data}

• Mate J, Castanos R, Garcia-Semaniego J, Pajares JM. Does dietary fish oil maintain the remission of crohn's disease: a study case control [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1991;100 (abstract):A228.

W31 Milner 1989 {published and unpublished data}

• Milner MR, Gallino RA, Leffingwell A, Pichard AD, Rosenberg J, Lindsay J. High dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces clinical restenosis after coronary angioplasty [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78:II634.
• Milner MR, Gallino RA, Leffingwell A, Pichard AD, Brooks RS, Rosenberg J, Little T, Lindsay J. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1989;64(5):294-299.

W32 Natvig 1968 {published data only}

• Natvig H, Borchgrevink CF, Dedichen J, Owren PA, Schiotz EH, Westlund K. A controlled trial of the effect of linolenic acid on incidence of coronary heart disease. The Norwegian vegetable oil experiment of 1965-66. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation - Supplement 1968;105:1-20.

W33 Nilsen 2001 {published and unpublished data}

• Nilsen DW, Albrektsen G, Landmark K, Moen S, Aarsland T, Woie L. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;74(1):50-56.

W34 Nye 1990 {published data only}

• Ilsey CDJ, Nye ER, Sutherland W, Ram J, Ablett MB. Randomised placebo controlled trial of MAXEPA and aspirin/persantin after successful coronary angioplasty [abstract]. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1987;17:559.
• Nye ER, Ablett MB, Robertson MC, Ilsley CD, Sutherland WH. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on restenosis rate, clinical course and blood lipids in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Aust N Z J Med 1990;20(4):549-552.

W35 Reis 1991 {published and unpublished data}

• Reis GJ, Boucher TM, McCabe CH. Results of a randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after PTCA [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78 (supplement 2):291.
• Reis GJ, Boucher TM, Sipperley ME, McCabe CH, Silverman DI, Pasternak RC. Fish oil supplements raise LDL cholesterol: results of a blinded, placebo-controlled trial in patients with coronary disease [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78:II385.
• Reis GJ, Boucher TM, Sipperly ME, Silverman DI, McCabe CH, Baim DS, Sacks FM, Grossman W, Pasternak RC. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet 1989;2(8656):177-181.
• Reis GJ, Kuntz RE, Silverman DI, Pasternak RC. Effects of serum lipid levels on restenosis after coronary angioplasty. American Journal of Cardiology 1991;68(15):1431-1435.
• Reis GJ, Silverman DI, Boucher TM, Sipperly ME, Horowitz GL, Sacks FM, Pasternak RC. Effects of two types of fish oil supplements on serum lipids and plasma phospholipid fatty acids in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990;66(17):1171-1175.
• Sipperly ME, Reis GJ, Boucher TM, Pasternak RC. Predictors of patient compliance in a placebo-controlled trial of fish oil [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78:II614.

W36 Rossing 1996 {published and unpublished data}

• Myrup B, Rossing P, Jensen T, Parving H-H, Holmer G, Gram J, Kluft C, Jespersen J. Lack of effect of fish oil supplementation on coagulation and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation 2001;61(5):349-356.
• Rossing P, Hansen BV, Nielsen FS, Myrup B, Holmer G, Parving HH. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1214-1219.

W37 Sacks (HARP) 1995 {published data only}

• Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, Silverman DI, Rosner B, Pasternak RC. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25(7):1492-1498.

W38 Sacks (TOHP 1) 1994 {published data only}

• He J, Klag MJ, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Whelton PK. Seven-year incidence of hypertension in a cohort of middle-aged African Americans and whites. Hypertension 1998;31(5):1130-1135.
• Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Kiss JE, Sacks FM. Coagulation parameters among healthy adults taking fish oil versus placebo [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:916A.
• Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, Borhani NO, Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Cutler JA, Kirchner KA, Kuller LH, Roth KJ, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. The effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens Suppl 1994;12(7):S23-S31.
• Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, Borhani NO, Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Cutler JA, Kirchner KA, Kuller LH, Roth KJ, et a. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12(2):209-213.
• Satterfield S, Borhani NO, Whelton P, Goodwin L, Brinkmann C, Charleston J, Corkery BW, Dolan L, Hataway H, Hertert S, Lakatos E, Milas NC, Morris MC, King N. Recruitment for phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Am J Prev Med 1993;9(4):237-243.
• Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA 1992;267(9):1213-1220.
• Whelton PK, Kumanyika SK, Cook NR, Cutler JA, Borhani NO, Hennekens CH, Kuller LH, Langford H, Jones DW, Satterfield S, Lasser NL, Cohen JD. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions in adults with high-normal blood pressure: results from phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):652S-660S.

W39 Sarkkinen 1998 {published and unpublished data}

• Makinen E, Uusitupa MI, Pietinen P, Aro A, Penttila I. Long term effects of three fat modified diets on serum lipids in free living hypercholesterolemic subjects [abstract]. Eur Heart J 1991;12:168-168.
• Sarkkinen ES, Agren JJ, Ahola I, Ovaskainen ML, Uusitupa MI. Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters, and erythrocyte and platelet membranes as indicators of long-term adherence to fat-modified diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59(2):364-370.
• Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Fat-modified diets influence serum concentrations of cholesterol precursors and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Metabolism 1998;47(6):744-750.
• Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI, Pietinen P, Aro A, Ahola I, Penttila I, Kervinen K, Kesaniemi YA. Long-term effects of three fat-modified diets in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1994;105:9-23.

W40 Selvais 1995 {published and unpublished data}

• Selvais PL, Ketelslegers JM, Buysschaert M, Hermans MP. Plasma endothelin-1 immunoreactivity is increased following long-term dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in microalbuminuric IDDM patients [letter]. Diabetologia 1995;38:253-253.

W41 Shimizu 1995 {published and unpublished data}

• Shimizu H, Ohtani K, Tanaka Y, Sato N, Mori M, Shimomura Y. Long-term effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl (EPA-E) on albuminuria of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28(1):35-40.

W42 Singh 1997 {published and unpublished data}

• Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11(3):485-491.

W43 Sirtori 1998 {published and unpublished data}

• Maffettone A. Long-term effects (six months) of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglycaeridemia. G Ital Diabetol 1996;16(4):185-193.
• Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C, Marino LD, Annuzzi G, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1999;146(2):361-367.
• Rivellese AA, Maffettone A, Iovine C, Di ML, Annuzzi G, Mancini M, Riccardi G. Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1207-1213.
• Sirtori CR, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, Mancini M, Rivellese A, Paoletti R, Pazzucconi F, Pamparana F, Stragliotto E. One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations. Atherosclerosis 1998;137(2):419-427.
• Sirtori CR, Paoletti R, Mancini M, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, Rivellese A, Pamparana F, Stragliotto E. N-3 fatty acids do not lead to an increased diabetic risk in patients with hyperlipidemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. Italian Fish Oil Multicenter Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65:1874-1881.

W44 Skoldstam 1992 {published and unpublished data}

• Skoldstam L, Borjesson O, Kjallman A, Seiving B, Akesson B. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol 1992;21(4):178-185.

W45 Terano 1999 {published and unpublished data}

• Terano T, Fujishiro S, Ban T, Yamamoto K, Tanaka T, Noguchi Y, Tamura Y, Yazawa K, Hirayama T. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves the moderately severe dementia from thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases. Lipids 1999;34:S345-S346.

W46 Thien 1993 {published and unpublished data}

• Thien FC, Mencia HJ, Lee TH. Dietary fish oil effects on seasonal hay fever and asthma in pollen-sensitive subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147(5):1138-1143.

W47 Veale 1994 {unpublished data sought but not used}

• Veale DJ, Torley HI, Richards IM, O'Dowd A, Fitzsimons C, Belch JJ, Sturrock RD. A double-blind placebo controlled trial of Efamol Marine on skin and joint symptoms of psoriatic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33(10):954-958.

W48 von Schacky 1999 {published and unpublished data}

• von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W, Theisen K, Mudra H. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(7):554-562.

References to included cohorts

(organised by cohort, cohort authors were not contacted for this review)

Seven countries cohort - Finland

• Oomen CM, Feskens EJ, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen AM, Menotti A, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(10):999-1006.

Seven countries cohort - Italy

• Oomen CM, Feskens EJ, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen AM, Menotti A, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(10):999-1006.

Seven countries cohort - Netherlands

• Oomen CM, Feskens EJ, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen AM, Menotti A, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(10):999-1006.

Kyle (Alzheimer's)

• Kyle DJ, Schaefer E, Patton G, Beiser A. Low serum docosahexaenoic acid is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's dementia. Lipids 1999;34(6 suppl):S245.

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)

• Zheng ZJ, Folsom AR, Ma J, Arnett DK, McGovern PG, Eckfeldt JH. Plasma fatty acid composition and 6-year incidence of hypertension in middle-aged adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;150(5):492-500.

Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC)

• Pietinen P, Ascherio A, Korhonen P, Hartman AM, Willett WC, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997;145(10):876-887.
• Tornwall ME, Virtamo J, Haukka JK, Aro A, Albanes D, Huttunen JK. Prospective study of diet, lifestyle, and intermittent claudication in male smokers. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(9):892-901.

Euroaspire

• Erkkila AT, Lehto S, Pyorala K, Uusitupa MIJ. n-3 fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:65-71.

Finnish Lipids

• Miettinen TA, Naukkarinen V, Huttunen JK, Mattila S, Kumlin T. Fatty-acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed 1982;. 285(6347):993-996.

Health Professionals Follow Up Study (HPFS)

• Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC. Dietary intake of marine n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary disease among men. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332(15):977-982.
• Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Chute CC, Willett WC. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993;85(19):1571-1579.
• He K, Rimm EB, Merchant A, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willet WC, Ascherio A. Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men. JAMA 2002;288(24):3130-3136.

Iowa Women’s Health Study (IWHS)

• Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR, Jr., Folsom AR. Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women. Diabetes Care 2001;24(9):1528-1535.

Janus

• Harvei S, Bjerve KS, Tretli S, Jellum E, Robsahm TE, Vatten L. Prediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. International Journal of Cancer 1997;71(4):545-551.

Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

• Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Lakka TA, Salonen JT. Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events: the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. Circulation 2000;102(22):2677-2679.

London Lipids

• Kingsbury KJ, Brett C, Stovold R, Chapman A, Anderson J, Morgan DM. Abnormal fatty acid composition and human atherosclerosis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1974;50(585):425-440.

US Menarche

• Maclure M, Travis LB, Willett W, MacMahon B. A prospective cohort study of nutrient intake and age at menarche. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;54(4):649-656.

Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)

• Dolecek TA, Granditis G. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics 1991;66:205-216.
• Dolecek TA. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200:177-182.

Nurses Health Study (NHS)

• Holmes MD, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Hankinson SE, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Willett WC. Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1999;281(10):914-920.
• Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Wolk A, Colditz GA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(5):890-897.
• Hu FB, Bronner L, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Hunter D, Manson JE. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 2002;287(14):1815-1821.
• Hu FB, Cho E, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Manson JE. Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women. Circulation 2003;107(14):1852-1857.
• Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 2001;285(3):304-312.
• Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B, Speizer FE. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1995;151(5):1401-1408.

NHS I&II combined

• Zhang SM, Willett WC, Hernan MA, Olek MJ, Ascherio A. Dietary fat in relation to risk of multiple sclerosis among two large cohorts of women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;152:1056-1064.

NHS & HPFS combined

• Cho E, Hung S, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;73(2):209-218.

NHSSN

• Egeland GM, Meyer HE, Selmer R, Tverdal A, Vollset SE. Cod liver oil consumption, smoking, and coronary heart disease mortality: three counties, Norway. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2001;60(2):143-149.

Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS)

• Schuurman AG, van den Brandt PA, Dorant E, Brants HA, Goldbohm RA. Association of energy and fat intake with prostate carcinoma risk: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer 1999;86(6):1019-1027.

Norwegian Melanoma

• Veierod MB, Thelle DS, Laake P. Diet and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective study of 50,757 Norwegian men and women. International Journal of Cancer 1997;71(4):600-604.

Norwegian Lung Cancer

• Veierod MB, Laake P, Thelle DS. Dietary fat intake and risk of lung cancer: A prospective study of 51,452 Norwegian men and women. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1997;6(6):540-549.

New York University Women's Health Study (NYUWH)

• Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutrition & Cancer 1997;28(3):276-281.

Physician’s Health Study (PHS)

• Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell CJ, Ajani UA, Carey VJ, Willett WC, Ruskin JN, Manson JE. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998;279(1):23-28.
• Albert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Ma J. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med 2002;346(15):1113-1118.
• Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Sacks FM, Grodstein F, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ. Prospective study of plasma fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1994;86(4):281-286.
• Guallar E, Hennekens CH, Sacks FM, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1995;25(2):387-394.
• Morris MC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Buring JE, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. Fish consumption and cardiovascular disease in the physicians' health study: A prospective study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;142(2):166-175.

Shanghai Myocardial Infarction

• Yuan JM, Ross RK, Gao YT, Yu MC. Fish and shellfish consumption in relation to death from myocardial infarction among men in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Epidemiology 2001;154(9):809-816.

SMSC

• Terry P, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A. No association between fat and fatty acids intake and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2001;10(8):913-914.

Umea Breast Cancer

• Chajes V, Hulten K, Van Kappel AL, Winkvist A, Kaaks R, Hallmans G, Lenner PG, Riboli E. Fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids and risk of breast cancer: A prospective cohort study in northern Sweden. Lipids 1999;34(6 SUPPL.):S113.

Uppsala Diabetes

• Vessby B, Aro A, Skarfors E, Berglund L, Salminen I, Lithell H. The risk to develop NIDDM is related to the fatty acid composition of the serum cholesterol esters. Diabetes 1994;43(11):1353-1357.

Zutphen Study

• Miedema I, Feskens EJM, Heederik D, Kromhout D. Dietary determinants of long-term incidence of chronic nonspecific lung diseases: The Zutphen study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1993;138(1):37-45.

Zutphen Elderly Study

• Kalmijn S, Feskens EJM, Launer LJ, Kromhout D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and cognitive function in very old men. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145(1):33-41.
• Oomen CM, Ocke MC, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. alpha-Linolenic acid intake is not beneficially associated with 10-y risk of coronary artery disease incidence: the Zutphen Elderly Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;74(4):457-463.